Barry Hill has been a registered nurse for 17 years and is skilled in acute and critical care. He worked in general, cardiac and neuro trauma ICU at Imperial College NHS trust and progressed from staff nurse to a surgical matron. Barry began working as a clinical mentor in intensive care nursing in 2006 and has worked in Higher Education teaching both undergraduate and postgraduate students since 2014. His key areas of interest are acute and critical care, clinical skills, pharmacology, and advanced level practice. Barry has published widely in journals and books and is a Senior Fellow with the Higher Education Academy.

Sadie Diamond Fox qualified as an adult nurse in 2008 and has worked in various critical care departments since. During this time, she progressed from Registered Nurse to her current specialist roles as an Advanced Critical Care Practitioner, non-medical prescriber and Senior Lecturer. Sadie has various national links and responsibilities within the field of advanced practice. She is co-founder and co-lead for Advanced Clinical Practice Academic Network (ACPAN), Intensive Care Society (ICS) Council Member and chair for the ICS Advanced Practitioners in Critical Care Professional Advisory Group.

Contributors ix

Preface xii

Part 1 Advanced clinical practice 1

1 Introducing advanced clinical practice 2

2 Scope of practice 4

3 Professional, legal and ethical considerations of advanced practice 6

4 Advancing to consultant- level practice 8

5 Transitioning to advanced practice 10

6 Continuing professional development and lifelong learning 12

7 Consultation models 14

Part 2 Advanced history taking and physical examination 17

8 Principles of history taking and physical examination skills 18

9 Principles of diagnostic testing and clinical decision making 20

10 The psychiatric interview: mental health history taking and examination 22

11 History taking for patients who lack mental capacity 26

12 Dermatology history taking and physical examination 28

13 Neurological history taking and physical examination 32

14 Ear, nose and throat history taking and physical examination 36

15 Lymph node assessment 38

16 Endocrine history taking and physical examination 40

17 Respiratory history taking and physical examination 42

18 Cardiovascular history taking and physical examination 46

19 Abdominal history taking and physical examination 50

20 Genitourinary system history taking and physical examination 52

21 Musculoskeletal system history taking and physical examination 56

22 Dealing with difficult situations 60

Part 3 Advanced clinical interventions 63

23 Fundamental ultrasound skills 64

24 Lung ultrasound 66

25 Vascular ultrasound 68

26 Focused echocardiography 70

27 Central venous catheter and arterial catheter insertion 74

28 Pleural procedures 78

29 Radiology interpretation 82

30 The advanced practitioner's role in organ donation and transplantation 84

31 Verification of death 86

32 Home- based care, crisis response and rehabilitation 88

33 Frailty 90

34 Advanced practitioner- led inter- and intrahospital transfer 92

Part 4 Independent prescribing 95

35 Principles of pharmacology 96

36 Non- pharmacological and pharmacological interventions 98

37 Shared decision making 100

38 Prescribing practice and patient education 102

Part 5 Advanced clinical practice leadership and management 105

39 Leadership in healthcare settings 106

40 Leadership and management theories 108

41 Clinical leadership 110

42 Educational leadership 112

43 Research leadership 114

44 Improving quality of care 116

Part 6 Advanced clinical practice education 119

45 Exploring the challenges with advanced clinical practice education 120

46 Opportunities for advanced clinical practice education and associated support mechanisms 124

47 Education and learning theories 126

48 Simulated learning and decision- making theories 128

49 Integrating simulation and virtual reality into clinical practice education 130

50 The advanced practitioner as clinical educator and supervisor 132

Part 7 Advanced clinical practice research 135

51 Ethical and governance principles 136

52 Research design and methods 138

53 Critical appraisal skills 140

54 Audit and quality improvement sciences 142

55 From bench to bedside: integrating research into practice 144

References 146

Index 155