Carolyn D. Berdanier, PhD , is a Professor Emerita of Nutrition at the University of Georgia in

Athens, GA. She earned her BS degree from the Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA,

and MS and PhD degrees from Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ. After a postdoctoral fellowship

year with Dr. Paul Griminger at Rutgers, she served as a research nutritionist at the USDA Human

Nutrition Institute in Beltsville, MD. At the same time, she also served as an assistant professor of

nutrition at the University of Maryland. Following these appointments, she moved to the University

of Nebraska, College of Medicine, and then in 1977 moved to the University of Georgia where she

served as the department head, Foods and Nutrition, for 11 years. She stepped down from this position

to resume full- time research and teaching with a special interest in diabetes. Her research has

been funded by a variety of funding agencies.

Dr. Berdanier has authored more than 120 research articles, contributed 40 chapters to

multiauthored books, prepared 45 invited reviews for scientifi c journals, and has edited/ coauthored

or sole authored 19 books. She has served on the editorial boards of the FASEB Journal , the

Journal of Nutrition, Biochemistry Archives, Nutrition Research , and the International Journal

of Diabetes Research . She also serves as an ad hoc reviewer for articles in her specialty for a

wide variety of scientifi c journals.

Lynnette A. Berdanier is a lecturer in the Department of Biology at the University of North Georgia,

Gainesville campus, Gainesville, GA. She teaches biology as well as anatomy and physiology and

medical microbiology. She earned her BS degree from the University of Nebraska, Kearney, NE, and

her MS degree in physiology from the University of Georgia, Athens, GA. She served as a lecturer at

Athens Technical College and at North Georgia College in Dahlonega prior to moving to her current

position at the University of North Georgia in Gainesville, GA. She has authored several research

articles and two books.

Contents

Preface ............................................................................................................................................. xvii

Acknowledgments ............................................................................................................................ xix

Author Biographies .......................................................................................................................... xxi

Chapter 1 Introduction to Advanced Nutrition .......................................................................... 1

Chapter 2 Nutrition and the Cycle of Life .................................................................................... 15

Chapter 3 Nutrition, the Microbiota, and Chronic Disease ................................................... 41

Chapter 4 Metabolism of the Macronutrients ............................................................................... 57

Chapter 5 Energy .................................................................................................................................. 79

Chapter 6 Negative Energy Balance, Starvation, and Malnutrition ..................................... 101

Chapter 7 Exercise, Physical Activity, and the Energy Equation .......................................... 117

Chapter 8 Positive Energy Balance: Obesity .............................................................................. 129

Chapter 9 Regulation of Food Intake .......................................................................................... 151

Chapter 10 Nutrigenomics ............................................................................................................ 171

Chapter 11 Protein ........................................................................................................................ 201

Chapter 12 Carbohydrates ............................................................................................................. 257

Chapter 13 Lipids .......................................................................................................................... 305

Chapter 14 Macrominerals ............................................................................................................ 355

Chapter 15 Trace Minerals ............................................................................................................ 389

Chapter 16 Fat- Soluble Vitamins .................................................................................................. 435

Chapter 17 Water- Soluble Vitamins .............................................................................................. 491

Chapter 18 Case Studies ............................................................................................................... 561

Appendix ......................................................................................................................................... 571

Index ................................................................................................................................................ 588