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Explore a fascinating introductory treatment of the principles of behavior analysis written by three leading voices in the field
An Introduction to Behavior Analysis delivers an engaging and comprehensive introduction to the concepts and applications for graduate students of behavior analysis. Written from the ground up to capture and hold student interest, the book keeps its focus on practical issues.
The book offers readers sound analyses of Pavlovian and operant learning, reinforcement and punishment, motivation and stimulus control, language and rule-following, decision-making and clinical behavior analysis. With fully up to date empirical research references and theoretical content, An Introduction to Behavior Analysis thoroughly justifies every principle it describes with empirical support and explicitly points out where more data are required.
The text encourages students to analyze their own experiences and some foundational findings in the field in a way that minimizes jargon and maximizes engagement. Readers will also benefit from the inclusion of:
* A clear articulation and defense of the philosophical assumptions and overarching goals of behavior analysis.
* A thorough description of objective data collection, experimental methods, and data analysis in the context of psychology
* An exploration of the core principles of behavior analysis, presented at a level comprehensible to an introductory audience
* A broad array of principles that cover issues as varied as language, substance-use disorders, and common psychological disorders
Perfect for students taking their first course in behavior analysis or behavior modification, An Introduction to Behavior Analysis will also earn a place in the libraries of students pursuing certification through the Behavior Analysis Certification Board or taking courses in the applied psychological sciences.
Explore a fascinating introductory treatment of the principles of behavior analysis written by three leading voices in the field
An Introduction to Behavior Analysis delivers an engaging and comprehensive introduction to the concepts and applications for graduate students of behavior analysis. Written from the ground up to capture and hold student interest, the book keeps its focus on practical issues.
The book offers readers sound analyses of Pavlovian and operant learning, reinforcement and punishment, motivation and stimulus control, language and rule-following, decision-making and clinical behavior analysis. With fully up to date empirical research references and theoretical content, An Introduction to Behavior Analysis thoroughly justifies every principle it describes with empirical support and explicitly points out where more data are required.
The text encourages students to analyze their own experiences and some foundational findings in the field in a way that minimizes jargon and maximizes engagement. Readers will also benefit from the inclusion of:
* A clear articulation and defense of the philosophical assumptions and overarching goals of behavior analysis.
* A thorough description of objective data collection, experimental methods, and data analysis in the context of psychology
* An exploration of the core principles of behavior analysis, presented at a level comprehensible to an introductory audience
* A broad array of principles that cover issues as varied as language, substance-use disorders, and common psychological disorders
Perfect for students taking their first course in behavior analysis or behavior modification, An Introduction to Behavior Analysis will also earn a place in the libraries of students pursuing certification through the Behavior Analysis Certification Board or taking courses in the applied psychological sciences.
Gregory J. Madden, PhD, is a Professor of Psychology at Utah State University. His research foci are on impulsivity, drug-taking, pollution control, and health decision-making. He was Editor-in-Chief of the APA Handbook of Behavior Analysis and the Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior. He is a Fellow of the Association for Behavior Analysis International.
Derek D. Reed, PhD, BCBA-D, is a Professor of Applied Behavioral Science at the University of Kansas. His research applies behavioral economic concepts to inform public policy and address issues of societal importance. He has served as Associate Editor for The Psychological Record, Behavior Analysis in Practice, Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, and Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior.
Florence D. DiGennaro Reed, PhD, BCBA-D, is an Associate Professor of Applied Behavioral Science at the University of Kansas. Her research examines effective and efficient staff training and performance improvement practices in human service settings. She also conducts translational research in on-campus laboratory facilities. Dr. DiGennaro Reed has served as Associate Editor for Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, Journal of Behavioral Education, and Behavior Analysis in Practice.
Preface xv
1 An Introduction to Behavior Analysis 1
What Is Behavior? 1
What Is Behavior Analysis? 3
The Goals of Behavior Analysis 3
The First Goal of Behavior Analysis 3
The Second Goal of Behavior Analysis 5
Demand More of Your Science 5
Reading Quiz 1 6
The Assumptions of Behavior Analysis 6
Assumption #1: Behavior is determined 6
Mentalistic Explanations of Behavior 7
I'm Not Buying It. I Determine My Own Behavior 8
Assumption #2: The scientific method is a valid way to reveal the determinants of behavior 10
Reading Quiz 2 11
Scientific Method 12
Reading Quiz 3 15
What Are the Determinants of Behavior? 15
Nature 15
Nurture 16
Behavioral Epigenetics 16
The Activities of Behavior Analysts 17
The Experimental Analysis of Behavior 17
Applied Behavior Analysis 18
Behavioral Service Delivery 18
Extra Box 1: Dimensions of Applied Behavior Analysis 19
Organizational Behavior Management 20
Summary 20
Reading Quiz 4 20
Answers to Reading Quiz Questions 20
Notes 21
References 22
2 Understanding Behavioral Research 23
Variables 24
Correlation vs Causation 24
Experiments 25
Three Components of a Behavioral Experiment 26
Reading Quiz 1 27
Measuring Behavior 27
Behavioral Definitions 28
Observable and Objective 29
Refining the Behavioral Definition 29
Social Validity of the Behavioral Definition 29
Finalizing the Behavioral Definition 30
Interobserver Agreement (IOA) 30
What IOA Is Not 31
Reading Quiz 2 31
Dimensions of Behavior 32
Frequency 32
Latency 32
Duration 32
Magnitude 33
Four Direct-Observation Methods 33
Outcome Recording 33
When to Use Outcome Recording 34
Calculating IOA When Using Outcome Recording 35
Event Recording 36
When to Use Event Recording 37
Calculating IOA When Using Event Recording 37
Interval Recording 39
When to Use Interval Recording 39
Calculating IOA When Using Partial- or Whole-Interval Recording 40
Duration Recording 41
When to Use Duration Recording 41
Calculating IOA When Using Duration Recording 41
Reading Quiz 3 42
Summary 43
Answers to Reading Quiz Questions 44
Note 45
References 45
3 Experimental Designs in Behavior Analysis 47
Group Experimental Designs 49
Single-Subject Experimental Designs 51
Internal Validity of Single-Subject Experimental Designs 51
Four Types of Single-Subject Experimental Designs 52
Comparison (A-B) Design 52
Reversal (A-B-A) Design 54
Alternating-Treatments Design 55
Multiple-Baseline Designs 57
Defining Features of Single-Subject Designs 61
Three Kinds of Replication 62
Reading Quiz 1 63
Did Behavior Change? 64
Two Patterns of Behavior Change 65
What Makes a Change Convincing? 65
Guidelines for Conducting the Visual Analysis 67
What Is Responsible for the Change 71
Reading Quiz 2 72
Supplementing the Visual Analysis with Inferential Statistics 75
Summary 76
Answers to Reading Quiz Questions 77
Notes 80
References 80
4 Phylogenetic Behavior and Pavlovian Learning 82
Phylogenetically Selected Behavior 83
Reflex Learning - Habituation 84
The "Nature and Nurture" Answer to the "Nature vs Nurture" Debate 85
Elicited or Evoked? 85
Reading Quiz 1 86
Pavlovian Learning 86
A Simple Pavlovian Conditioning Procedure 87
Pavlovian Conditioning of Emotions 88
Pavlovian Fear Conditioning 89
The Little Albert Experiment 90
What Became of Little Albert? 91
Fear Conditioning and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder 92
Reading Quiz 2 92
What Is Learned During Pavlovian Conditioning? 93
Three Things Learned During Pavlovian Conditioning 94
Principles of Effective Pavlovian Conditioning 95
Applying these principles to PTSD 100
Reading Quiz 3 100
Generalization 101
Pavlovian Extinction-Based Therapy 103
Graduated Exposure Therapy 104
Spontaneous Recovery 105
Extra Box 1: Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Military Veterans 107
Reading Quiz 4 108
Pavlovian Conditioning in Everyday Life 108
Taste-Aversion Learning 109
Advertising 110
Summary 111
Answers to Reading Quiz Questions 111
Notes 112
References 113
5 Operant Learning I: Reinforcement 117
Operant Behavior 117
Reading Quiz 1 118
Response-Consequence Contingencies 119
Learning Response-Consequence Contingencies 120
Noncontingent Consequences 122
Superstitious Behavior 123
Reading Quiz 2 123
Changing Behavior with Contingent Consequences 124
Extra Box 1: Noncontingent Consequences in North Korea 125
Reinforcers, Reinforcement, and Rewards 126
Reading Quiz 3 127
The Discovery of Reinforcement 127
How to Tell If a Consequence Functions as a Reinforcer 128
From Puzzle Boxes to Skinner Boxes 130
Reading Quiz 4 131
Response Variability: Exploring and Exploiting 131
Extra Box 2: Add Some Variability to Your Life 132
The Generic Nature of Operant Behavior 133
Not Every Consequence Functions as a Reinforcer 134
Reading Quiz 5 134
Reinforcement in Social Media and Video Games 137
Games for Good 137
Summary 138
Answers to Reading Quiz Questions and Questions Posed in Table 5.2 139
Notes 141
References 141
6 Operant Learning II: Positive and Negative Reinforcement 143
Positive Reinforcement 143
Positive Reinforcement in the Lab 144
Negative Reinforcement 146
Negative Reinforcement - Escape (SRE¿) 146
Negative Reinforcement - Escape (SRE¿) in the Lab 148
Negative Reinforcement - Avoidance (SRA¿) 148
Negative Reinforcement - Avoidance (SRA¿) in the Lab 150
Extra Box 1: What Is the Consequence in SRA¿? 150
Reading Quiz 1 152
Positive or Negative Reinforcement: Is There Really a Difference? 153
Reason 1: Heuristics 153
Reason 2: Loss Aversion 154
Reason 3: Preference for Positive Reinforcement 155
Using Reinforcement to Positively Influence Behavior 155
Reinforcement in the Workplace 156
Three Objections to Reinforcement 157
Objection 1: Intrinsic Motivation 157
Objection 2: Performance-Inhibiting Properties of Reinforcement 158
Creativity 159
Choking Under Pressure 159
Objection 3: Cheating 160
Reading Quiz 2 161
Theories of Reinforcement 161
The Response Strengthening Theory of Reinforcement 162
The Information Theory of Reinforcement 163
Evaluating the Theories 164
Reading Quiz 3 164
Summary 164
Answers to Reading Quiz Questions 165
References 165
7 Extinction and Differential Reinforcement 169
Operant Extinction Following Positive Reinforcement 170
Operant Extinction Following Negative Reinforcement (Escape Extinction) 171
How Quickly Will Operant Extinction Work? 174
Rate of Reinforcement Prior to Extinction 174
Motivation 175
Spontaneous Recovery of Operant Behavior 175
Reading Quiz 1 176
Extra Box 1: How Extinction Informs Theories of Reinforcement 177
Other Effects of Extinction 179
Extinction-Induced Emotional Behavior 179
Extinction Burst 179
Extinction-Induced Variability 180
Extinction-Induced Resurgence 181
We Tried It at Home 183
Reading Quiz 2 183
Using Extinction to Positively Influence Behavior 184
Functional Analysis of Behavior 184
Functional Analysis of Self-Injurious Behavior 186
Differential Reinforcement 187
Differential Reinforcement of Problem Behavior 188
How to Effectively Use Differential Reinforcement 189
Differentially Reinforcing Response Topography 190
Differentially Reinforcing Rate of Operant Behavior 192
Reading Quiz 3 192
Summary 193
Answers to Reading Quiz Questions 194
Note 194
References 195
8 Primary and Conditioned Reinforcement and Shaping 200
Primary Reinforcers 201
Conditioned Reinforcers 202
Pavlovian Learning and Conditioned Reinforcers 202
Verbal Learning and Conditioned Reinforcers 203
The Token Economy 204
Reading Quiz 1 206
Arranging Effective Conditioned Reinforcers 207
Extra Box 1: Conditioned Reinforcers in Zoos 210
Clicker Training with Humans 211
Reading Quiz 2 212
Shaping 213
Extra Box 2: Shaping Animal Behavior on the Farm 214
Shaping Human Behavior 215
Shaping and Flow 215
Principles of Effective Shaping 217
Try It at Home: The Shaping Game 220
Reading Quiz 3 221
Automating Shaping: Percentile Schedules of Reinforcement 221
Summary 224
Answers to Reading Quiz Questions 225
Notes 226
References 226
9 Motivation, Reinforcer Efficacy, and Habit Formation 229
Everyday Concepts of Motivation 230
From Motivation to Motivating Operations 232
Two Kinds of Motivating Operations 232
Examples of EOs 233
Examples of AOs 234
Motivating Operations Require Response-Reinforcer Contingency Learning 234
The Therapeutic Utility of Motivating Operations 235
Extra Box 1: The...
Erscheinungsjahr: | 2021 |
---|---|
Fachbereich: | Allgemeines |
Genre: | Importe, Psychologie |
Rubrik: | Geisteswissenschaften |
Thema: | Lexika |
Medium: | Buch |
Inhalt: | 464 S. |
ISBN-13: | 9781119126539 |
ISBN-10: | 1119126533 |
Sprache: | Englisch |
Einband: | Gebunden |
Autor: |
Madden, Gregory J
Reed, Derek D Digennaro Reed, Florence D |
Hersteller: | Wiley |
Verantwortliche Person für die EU: | Wiley-VCH GmbH, Boschstr. 12, D-69469 Weinheim, product-safety@wiley.com |
Maße: | 239 x 193 x 26 mm |
Von/Mit: | Gregory J Madden (u. a.) |
Erscheinungsdatum: | 10.05.2021 |
Gewicht: | 1,05 kg |
Gregory J. Madden, PhD, is a Professor of Psychology at Utah State University. His research foci are on impulsivity, drug-taking, pollution control, and health decision-making. He was Editor-in-Chief of the APA Handbook of Behavior Analysis and the Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior. He is a Fellow of the Association for Behavior Analysis International.
Derek D. Reed, PhD, BCBA-D, is a Professor of Applied Behavioral Science at the University of Kansas. His research applies behavioral economic concepts to inform public policy and address issues of societal importance. He has served as Associate Editor for The Psychological Record, Behavior Analysis in Practice, Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, and Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior.
Florence D. DiGennaro Reed, PhD, BCBA-D, is an Associate Professor of Applied Behavioral Science at the University of Kansas. Her research examines effective and efficient staff training and performance improvement practices in human service settings. She also conducts translational research in on-campus laboratory facilities. Dr. DiGennaro Reed has served as Associate Editor for Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, Journal of Behavioral Education, and Behavior Analysis in Practice.
Preface xv
1 An Introduction to Behavior Analysis 1
What Is Behavior? 1
What Is Behavior Analysis? 3
The Goals of Behavior Analysis 3
The First Goal of Behavior Analysis 3
The Second Goal of Behavior Analysis 5
Demand More of Your Science 5
Reading Quiz 1 6
The Assumptions of Behavior Analysis 6
Assumption #1: Behavior is determined 6
Mentalistic Explanations of Behavior 7
I'm Not Buying It. I Determine My Own Behavior 8
Assumption #2: The scientific method is a valid way to reveal the determinants of behavior 10
Reading Quiz 2 11
Scientific Method 12
Reading Quiz 3 15
What Are the Determinants of Behavior? 15
Nature 15
Nurture 16
Behavioral Epigenetics 16
The Activities of Behavior Analysts 17
The Experimental Analysis of Behavior 17
Applied Behavior Analysis 18
Behavioral Service Delivery 18
Extra Box 1: Dimensions of Applied Behavior Analysis 19
Organizational Behavior Management 20
Summary 20
Reading Quiz 4 20
Answers to Reading Quiz Questions 20
Notes 21
References 22
2 Understanding Behavioral Research 23
Variables 24
Correlation vs Causation 24
Experiments 25
Three Components of a Behavioral Experiment 26
Reading Quiz 1 27
Measuring Behavior 27
Behavioral Definitions 28
Observable and Objective 29
Refining the Behavioral Definition 29
Social Validity of the Behavioral Definition 29
Finalizing the Behavioral Definition 30
Interobserver Agreement (IOA) 30
What IOA Is Not 31
Reading Quiz 2 31
Dimensions of Behavior 32
Frequency 32
Latency 32
Duration 32
Magnitude 33
Four Direct-Observation Methods 33
Outcome Recording 33
When to Use Outcome Recording 34
Calculating IOA When Using Outcome Recording 35
Event Recording 36
When to Use Event Recording 37
Calculating IOA When Using Event Recording 37
Interval Recording 39
When to Use Interval Recording 39
Calculating IOA When Using Partial- or Whole-Interval Recording 40
Duration Recording 41
When to Use Duration Recording 41
Calculating IOA When Using Duration Recording 41
Reading Quiz 3 42
Summary 43
Answers to Reading Quiz Questions 44
Note 45
References 45
3 Experimental Designs in Behavior Analysis 47
Group Experimental Designs 49
Single-Subject Experimental Designs 51
Internal Validity of Single-Subject Experimental Designs 51
Four Types of Single-Subject Experimental Designs 52
Comparison (A-B) Design 52
Reversal (A-B-A) Design 54
Alternating-Treatments Design 55
Multiple-Baseline Designs 57
Defining Features of Single-Subject Designs 61
Three Kinds of Replication 62
Reading Quiz 1 63
Did Behavior Change? 64
Two Patterns of Behavior Change 65
What Makes a Change Convincing? 65
Guidelines for Conducting the Visual Analysis 67
What Is Responsible for the Change 71
Reading Quiz 2 72
Supplementing the Visual Analysis with Inferential Statistics 75
Summary 76
Answers to Reading Quiz Questions 77
Notes 80
References 80
4 Phylogenetic Behavior and Pavlovian Learning 82
Phylogenetically Selected Behavior 83
Reflex Learning - Habituation 84
The "Nature and Nurture" Answer to the "Nature vs Nurture" Debate 85
Elicited or Evoked? 85
Reading Quiz 1 86
Pavlovian Learning 86
A Simple Pavlovian Conditioning Procedure 87
Pavlovian Conditioning of Emotions 88
Pavlovian Fear Conditioning 89
The Little Albert Experiment 90
What Became of Little Albert? 91
Fear Conditioning and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder 92
Reading Quiz 2 92
What Is Learned During Pavlovian Conditioning? 93
Three Things Learned During Pavlovian Conditioning 94
Principles of Effective Pavlovian Conditioning 95
Applying these principles to PTSD 100
Reading Quiz 3 100
Generalization 101
Pavlovian Extinction-Based Therapy 103
Graduated Exposure Therapy 104
Spontaneous Recovery 105
Extra Box 1: Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Military Veterans 107
Reading Quiz 4 108
Pavlovian Conditioning in Everyday Life 108
Taste-Aversion Learning 109
Advertising 110
Summary 111
Answers to Reading Quiz Questions 111
Notes 112
References 113
5 Operant Learning I: Reinforcement 117
Operant Behavior 117
Reading Quiz 1 118
Response-Consequence Contingencies 119
Learning Response-Consequence Contingencies 120
Noncontingent Consequences 122
Superstitious Behavior 123
Reading Quiz 2 123
Changing Behavior with Contingent Consequences 124
Extra Box 1: Noncontingent Consequences in North Korea 125
Reinforcers, Reinforcement, and Rewards 126
Reading Quiz 3 127
The Discovery of Reinforcement 127
How to Tell If a Consequence Functions as a Reinforcer 128
From Puzzle Boxes to Skinner Boxes 130
Reading Quiz 4 131
Response Variability: Exploring and Exploiting 131
Extra Box 2: Add Some Variability to Your Life 132
The Generic Nature of Operant Behavior 133
Not Every Consequence Functions as a Reinforcer 134
Reading Quiz 5 134
Reinforcement in Social Media and Video Games 137
Games for Good 137
Summary 138
Answers to Reading Quiz Questions and Questions Posed in Table 5.2 139
Notes 141
References 141
6 Operant Learning II: Positive and Negative Reinforcement 143
Positive Reinforcement 143
Positive Reinforcement in the Lab 144
Negative Reinforcement 146
Negative Reinforcement - Escape (SRE¿) 146
Negative Reinforcement - Escape (SRE¿) in the Lab 148
Negative Reinforcement - Avoidance (SRA¿) 148
Negative Reinforcement - Avoidance (SRA¿) in the Lab 150
Extra Box 1: What Is the Consequence in SRA¿? 150
Reading Quiz 1 152
Positive or Negative Reinforcement: Is There Really a Difference? 153
Reason 1: Heuristics 153
Reason 2: Loss Aversion 154
Reason 3: Preference for Positive Reinforcement 155
Using Reinforcement to Positively Influence Behavior 155
Reinforcement in the Workplace 156
Three Objections to Reinforcement 157
Objection 1: Intrinsic Motivation 157
Objection 2: Performance-Inhibiting Properties of Reinforcement 158
Creativity 159
Choking Under Pressure 159
Objection 3: Cheating 160
Reading Quiz 2 161
Theories of Reinforcement 161
The Response Strengthening Theory of Reinforcement 162
The Information Theory of Reinforcement 163
Evaluating the Theories 164
Reading Quiz 3 164
Summary 164
Answers to Reading Quiz Questions 165
References 165
7 Extinction and Differential Reinforcement 169
Operant Extinction Following Positive Reinforcement 170
Operant Extinction Following Negative Reinforcement (Escape Extinction) 171
How Quickly Will Operant Extinction Work? 174
Rate of Reinforcement Prior to Extinction 174
Motivation 175
Spontaneous Recovery of Operant Behavior 175
Reading Quiz 1 176
Extra Box 1: How Extinction Informs Theories of Reinforcement 177
Other Effects of Extinction 179
Extinction-Induced Emotional Behavior 179
Extinction Burst 179
Extinction-Induced Variability 180
Extinction-Induced Resurgence 181
We Tried It at Home 183
Reading Quiz 2 183
Using Extinction to Positively Influence Behavior 184
Functional Analysis of Behavior 184
Functional Analysis of Self-Injurious Behavior 186
Differential Reinforcement 187
Differential Reinforcement of Problem Behavior 188
How to Effectively Use Differential Reinforcement 189
Differentially Reinforcing Response Topography 190
Differentially Reinforcing Rate of Operant Behavior 192
Reading Quiz 3 192
Summary 193
Answers to Reading Quiz Questions 194
Note 194
References 195
8 Primary and Conditioned Reinforcement and Shaping 200
Primary Reinforcers 201
Conditioned Reinforcers 202
Pavlovian Learning and Conditioned Reinforcers 202
Verbal Learning and Conditioned Reinforcers 203
The Token Economy 204
Reading Quiz 1 206
Arranging Effective Conditioned Reinforcers 207
Extra Box 1: Conditioned Reinforcers in Zoos 210
Clicker Training with Humans 211
Reading Quiz 2 212
Shaping 213
Extra Box 2: Shaping Animal Behavior on the Farm 214
Shaping Human Behavior 215
Shaping and Flow 215
Principles of Effective Shaping 217
Try It at Home: The Shaping Game 220
Reading Quiz 3 221
Automating Shaping: Percentile Schedules of Reinforcement 221
Summary 224
Answers to Reading Quiz Questions 225
Notes 226
References 226
9 Motivation, Reinforcer Efficacy, and Habit Formation 229
Everyday Concepts of Motivation 230
From Motivation to Motivating Operations 232
Two Kinds of Motivating Operations 232
Examples of EOs 233
Examples of AOs 234
Motivating Operations Require Response-Reinforcer Contingency Learning 234
The Therapeutic Utility of Motivating Operations 235
Extra Box 1: The...
Erscheinungsjahr: | 2021 |
---|---|
Fachbereich: | Allgemeines |
Genre: | Importe, Psychologie |
Rubrik: | Geisteswissenschaften |
Thema: | Lexika |
Medium: | Buch |
Inhalt: | 464 S. |
ISBN-13: | 9781119126539 |
ISBN-10: | 1119126533 |
Sprache: | Englisch |
Einband: | Gebunden |
Autor: |
Madden, Gregory J
Reed, Derek D Digennaro Reed, Florence D |
Hersteller: | Wiley |
Verantwortliche Person für die EU: | Wiley-VCH GmbH, Boschstr. 12, D-69469 Weinheim, product-safety@wiley.com |
Maße: | 239 x 193 x 26 mm |
Von/Mit: | Gregory J Madden (u. a.) |
Erscheinungsdatum: | 10.05.2021 |
Gewicht: | 1,05 kg |