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An Introduction to Behavior Analysis
Buch von Gregory J Madden (u. a.)
Sprache: Englisch

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Beschreibung
AN INTRODUCTION TO BEHAVIOR ANALYSIS

Explore a fascinating introductory treatment of the principles of behavior analysis written by three leading voices in the field

An Introduction to Behavior Analysis delivers an engaging and comprehensive introduction to the concepts and applications for graduate students of behavior analysis. Written from the ground up to capture and hold student interest, the book keeps its focus on practical issues.

The book offers readers sound analyses of Pavlovian and operant learning, reinforcement and punishment, motivation and stimulus control, language and rule-following, decision-making and clinical behavior analysis. With fully up to date empirical research references and theoretical content, An Introduction to Behavior Analysis thoroughly justifies every principle it describes with empirical support and explicitly points out where more data are required.

The text encourages students to analyze their own experiences and some foundational findings in the field in a way that minimizes jargon and maximizes engagement. Readers will also benefit from the inclusion of:
* A clear articulation and defense of the philosophical assumptions and overarching goals of behavior analysis.
* A thorough description of objective data collection, experimental methods, and data analysis in the context of psychology
* An exploration of the core principles of behavior analysis, presented at a level comprehensible to an introductory audience
* A broad array of principles that cover issues as varied as language, substance-use disorders, and common psychological disorders

Perfect for students taking their first course in behavior analysis or behavior modification, An Introduction to Behavior Analysis will also earn a place in the libraries of students pursuing certification through the Behavior Analysis Certification Board or taking courses in the applied psychological sciences.
AN INTRODUCTION TO BEHAVIOR ANALYSIS

Explore a fascinating introductory treatment of the principles of behavior analysis written by three leading voices in the field

An Introduction to Behavior Analysis delivers an engaging and comprehensive introduction to the concepts and applications for graduate students of behavior analysis. Written from the ground up to capture and hold student interest, the book keeps its focus on practical issues.

The book offers readers sound analyses of Pavlovian and operant learning, reinforcement and punishment, motivation and stimulus control, language and rule-following, decision-making and clinical behavior analysis. With fully up to date empirical research references and theoretical content, An Introduction to Behavior Analysis thoroughly justifies every principle it describes with empirical support and explicitly points out where more data are required.

The text encourages students to analyze their own experiences and some foundational findings in the field in a way that minimizes jargon and maximizes engagement. Readers will also benefit from the inclusion of:
* A clear articulation and defense of the philosophical assumptions and overarching goals of behavior analysis.
* A thorough description of objective data collection, experimental methods, and data analysis in the context of psychology
* An exploration of the core principles of behavior analysis, presented at a level comprehensible to an introductory audience
* A broad array of principles that cover issues as varied as language, substance-use disorders, and common psychological disorders

Perfect for students taking their first course in behavior analysis or behavior modification, An Introduction to Behavior Analysis will also earn a place in the libraries of students pursuing certification through the Behavior Analysis Certification Board or taking courses in the applied psychological sciences.
Über den Autor

Gregory J. Madden, PhD, is a Professor of Psychology at Utah State University. His research foci are on impulsivity, drug-taking, pollution control, and health decision-making. He was Editor-in-Chief of the APA Handbook of Behavior Analysis and the Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior. He is a Fellow of the Association for Behavior Analysis International.

Derek D. Reed, PhD, BCBA-D, is a Professor of Applied Behavioral Science at the University of Kansas. His research applies behavioral economic concepts to inform public policy and address issues of societal importance. He has served as Associate Editor for The Psychological Record, Behavior Analysis in Practice, Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, and Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior.

Florence D. DiGennaro Reed, PhD, BCBA-D, is an Associate Professor of Applied Behavioral Science at the University of Kansas. Her research examines effective and efficient staff training and performance improvement practices in human service settings. She also conducts translational research in on-campus laboratory facilities. Dr. DiGennaro Reed has served as Associate Editor for Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, Journal of Behavioral Education, and Behavior Analysis in Practice.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

Preface xv

1 An Introduction to Behavior Analysis 1

What Is Behavior? 1

What Is Behavior Analysis? 3

The Goals of Behavior Analysis 3

The First Goal of Behavior Analysis 3

The Second Goal of Behavior Analysis 5

Demand More of Your Science 5

Reading Quiz 1 6

The Assumptions of Behavior Analysis 6

Assumption #1: Behavior is determined 6

Mentalistic Explanations of Behavior 7

I'm Not Buying It. I Determine My Own Behavior 8

Assumption #2: The scientific method is a valid way to reveal the determinants of behavior 10

Reading Quiz 2 11

Scientific Method 12

Reading Quiz 3 15

What Are the Determinants of Behavior? 15

Nature 15

Nurture 16

Behavioral Epigenetics 16

The Activities of Behavior Analysts 17

The Experimental Analysis of Behavior 17

Applied Behavior Analysis 18

Behavioral Service Delivery 18

Extra Box 1: Dimensions of Applied Behavior Analysis 19

Organizational Behavior Management 20

Summary 20

Reading Quiz 4 20

Answers to Reading Quiz Questions 20

Notes 21

References 22

2 Understanding Behavioral Research 23

Variables 24

Correlation vs Causation 24

Experiments 25

Three Components of a Behavioral Experiment 26

Reading Quiz 1 27

Measuring Behavior 27

Behavioral Definitions 28

Observable and Objective 29

Refining the Behavioral Definition 29

Social Validity of the Behavioral Definition 29

Finalizing the Behavioral Definition 30

Interobserver Agreement (IOA) 30

What IOA Is Not 31

Reading Quiz 2 31

Dimensions of Behavior 32

Frequency 32

Latency 32

Duration 32

Magnitude 33

Four Direct-Observation Methods 33

Outcome Recording 33

When to Use Outcome Recording 34

Calculating IOA When Using Outcome Recording 35

Event Recording 36

When to Use Event Recording 37

Calculating IOA When Using Event Recording 37

Interval Recording 39

When to Use Interval Recording 39

Calculating IOA When Using Partial- or Whole-Interval Recording 40

Duration Recording 41

When to Use Duration Recording 41

Calculating IOA When Using Duration Recording 41

Reading Quiz 3 42

Summary 43

Answers to Reading Quiz Questions 44

Note 45

References 45

3 Experimental Designs in Behavior Analysis 47

Group Experimental Designs 49

Single-Subject Experimental Designs 51

Internal Validity of Single-Subject Experimental Designs 51

Four Types of Single-Subject Experimental Designs 52

Comparison (A-B) Design 52

Reversal (A-B-A) Design 54

Alternating-Treatments Design 55

Multiple-Baseline Designs 57

Defining Features of Single-Subject Designs 61

Three Kinds of Replication 62

Reading Quiz 1 63

Did Behavior Change? 64

Two Patterns of Behavior Change 65

What Makes a Change Convincing? 65

Guidelines for Conducting the Visual Analysis 67

What Is Responsible for the Change 71

Reading Quiz 2 72

Supplementing the Visual Analysis with Inferential Statistics 75

Summary 76

Answers to Reading Quiz Questions 77

Notes 80

References 80

4 Phylogenetic Behavior and Pavlovian Learning 82

Phylogenetically Selected Behavior 83

Reflex Learning - Habituation 84

The "Nature and Nurture" Answer to the "Nature vs Nurture" Debate 85

Elicited or Evoked? 85

Reading Quiz 1 86

Pavlovian Learning 86

A Simple Pavlovian Conditioning Procedure 87

Pavlovian Conditioning of Emotions 88

Pavlovian Fear Conditioning 89

The Little Albert Experiment 90

What Became of Little Albert? 91

Fear Conditioning and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder 92

Reading Quiz 2 92

What Is Learned During Pavlovian Conditioning? 93

Three Things Learned During Pavlovian Conditioning 94

Principles of Effective Pavlovian Conditioning 95

Applying these principles to PTSD 100

Reading Quiz 3 100

Generalization 101

Pavlovian Extinction-Based Therapy 103

Graduated Exposure Therapy 104

Spontaneous Recovery 105

Extra Box 1: Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Military Veterans 107

Reading Quiz 4 108

Pavlovian Conditioning in Everyday Life 108

Taste-Aversion Learning 109

Advertising 110

Summary 111

Answers to Reading Quiz Questions 111

Notes 112

References 113

5 Operant Learning I: Reinforcement 117

Operant Behavior 117

Reading Quiz 1 118

Response-Consequence Contingencies 119

Learning Response-Consequence Contingencies 120

Noncontingent Consequences 122

Superstitious Behavior 123

Reading Quiz 2 123

Changing Behavior with Contingent Consequences 124

Extra Box 1: Noncontingent Consequences in North Korea 125

Reinforcers, Reinforcement, and Rewards 126

Reading Quiz 3 127

The Discovery of Reinforcement 127

How to Tell If a Consequence Functions as a Reinforcer 128

From Puzzle Boxes to Skinner Boxes 130

Reading Quiz 4 131

Response Variability: Exploring and Exploiting 131

Extra Box 2: Add Some Variability to Your Life 132

The Generic Nature of Operant Behavior 133

Not Every Consequence Functions as a Reinforcer 134

Reading Quiz 5 134

Reinforcement in Social Media and Video Games 137

Games for Good 137

Summary 138

Answers to Reading Quiz Questions and Questions Posed in Table 5.2 139

Notes 141

References 141

6 Operant Learning II: Positive and Negative Reinforcement 143

Positive Reinforcement 143

Positive Reinforcement in the Lab 144

Negative Reinforcement 146

Negative Reinforcement - Escape (SRE¿) 146

Negative Reinforcement - Escape (SRE¿) in the Lab 148

Negative Reinforcement - Avoidance (SRA¿) 148

Negative Reinforcement - Avoidance (SRA¿) in the Lab 150

Extra Box 1: What Is the Consequence in SRA¿? 150

Reading Quiz 1 152

Positive or Negative Reinforcement: Is There Really a Difference? 153

Reason 1: Heuristics 153

Reason 2: Loss Aversion 154

Reason 3: Preference for Positive Reinforcement 155

Using Reinforcement to Positively Influence Behavior 155

Reinforcement in the Workplace 156

Three Objections to Reinforcement 157

Objection 1: Intrinsic Motivation 157

Objection 2: Performance-Inhibiting Properties of Reinforcement 158

Creativity 159

Choking Under Pressure 159

Objection 3: Cheating 160

Reading Quiz 2 161

Theories of Reinforcement 161

The Response Strengthening Theory of Reinforcement 162

The Information Theory of Reinforcement 163

Evaluating the Theories 164

Reading Quiz 3 164

Summary 164

Answers to Reading Quiz Questions 165

References 165

7 Extinction and Differential Reinforcement 169

Operant Extinction Following Positive Reinforcement 170

Operant Extinction Following Negative Reinforcement (Escape Extinction) 171

How Quickly Will Operant Extinction Work? 174

Rate of Reinforcement Prior to Extinction 174

Motivation 175

Spontaneous Recovery of Operant Behavior 175

Reading Quiz 1 176

Extra Box 1: How Extinction Informs Theories of Reinforcement 177

Other Effects of Extinction 179

Extinction-Induced Emotional Behavior 179

Extinction Burst 179

Extinction-Induced Variability 180

Extinction-Induced Resurgence 181

We Tried It at Home 183

Reading Quiz 2 183

Using Extinction to Positively Influence Behavior 184

Functional Analysis of Behavior 184

Functional Analysis of Self-Injurious Behavior 186

Differential Reinforcement 187

Differential Reinforcement of Problem Behavior 188

How to Effectively Use Differential Reinforcement 189

Differentially Reinforcing Response Topography 190

Differentially Reinforcing Rate of Operant Behavior 192

Reading Quiz 3 192

Summary 193

Answers to Reading Quiz Questions 194

Note 194

References 195

8 Primary and Conditioned Reinforcement and Shaping 200

Primary Reinforcers 201

Conditioned Reinforcers 202

Pavlovian Learning and Conditioned Reinforcers 202

Verbal Learning and Conditioned Reinforcers 203

The Token Economy 204

Reading Quiz 1 206

Arranging Effective Conditioned Reinforcers 207

Extra Box 1: Conditioned Reinforcers in Zoos 210

Clicker Training with Humans 211

Reading Quiz 2 212

Shaping 213

Extra Box 2: Shaping Animal Behavior on the Farm 214

Shaping Human Behavior 215

Shaping and Flow 215

Principles of Effective Shaping 217

Try It at Home: The Shaping Game 220

Reading Quiz 3 221

Automating Shaping: Percentile Schedules of Reinforcement 221

Summary 224

Answers to Reading Quiz Questions 225

Notes 226

References 226

9 Motivation, Reinforcer Efficacy, and Habit Formation 229

Everyday Concepts of Motivation 230

From Motivation to Motivating Operations 232

Two Kinds of Motivating Operations 232

Examples of EOs 233

Examples of AOs 234

Motivating Operations Require Response-Reinforcer Contingency Learning 234

The Therapeutic Utility of Motivating Operations 235

Extra Box 1: The...

Details
Erscheinungsjahr: 2021
Fachbereich: Allgemeines
Genre: Importe, Psychologie
Rubrik: Geisteswissenschaften
Thema: Lexika
Medium: Buch
Inhalt: 464 S.
ISBN-13: 9781119126539
ISBN-10: 1119126533
Sprache: Englisch
Einband: Gebunden
Autor: Madden, Gregory J
Reed, Derek D
Digennaro Reed, Florence D
Hersteller: Wiley
Verantwortliche Person für die EU: Wiley-VCH GmbH, Boschstr. 12, D-69469 Weinheim, product-safety@wiley.com
Maße: 239 x 193 x 26 mm
Von/Mit: Gregory J Madden (u. a.)
Erscheinungsdatum: 10.05.2021
Gewicht: 1,05 kg
Artikel-ID: 119477565
Über den Autor

Gregory J. Madden, PhD, is a Professor of Psychology at Utah State University. His research foci are on impulsivity, drug-taking, pollution control, and health decision-making. He was Editor-in-Chief of the APA Handbook of Behavior Analysis and the Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior. He is a Fellow of the Association for Behavior Analysis International.

Derek D. Reed, PhD, BCBA-D, is a Professor of Applied Behavioral Science at the University of Kansas. His research applies behavioral economic concepts to inform public policy and address issues of societal importance. He has served as Associate Editor for The Psychological Record, Behavior Analysis in Practice, Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, and Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior.

Florence D. DiGennaro Reed, PhD, BCBA-D, is an Associate Professor of Applied Behavioral Science at the University of Kansas. Her research examines effective and efficient staff training and performance improvement practices in human service settings. She also conducts translational research in on-campus laboratory facilities. Dr. DiGennaro Reed has served as Associate Editor for Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, Journal of Behavioral Education, and Behavior Analysis in Practice.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

Preface xv

1 An Introduction to Behavior Analysis 1

What Is Behavior? 1

What Is Behavior Analysis? 3

The Goals of Behavior Analysis 3

The First Goal of Behavior Analysis 3

The Second Goal of Behavior Analysis 5

Demand More of Your Science 5

Reading Quiz 1 6

The Assumptions of Behavior Analysis 6

Assumption #1: Behavior is determined 6

Mentalistic Explanations of Behavior 7

I'm Not Buying It. I Determine My Own Behavior 8

Assumption #2: The scientific method is a valid way to reveal the determinants of behavior 10

Reading Quiz 2 11

Scientific Method 12

Reading Quiz 3 15

What Are the Determinants of Behavior? 15

Nature 15

Nurture 16

Behavioral Epigenetics 16

The Activities of Behavior Analysts 17

The Experimental Analysis of Behavior 17

Applied Behavior Analysis 18

Behavioral Service Delivery 18

Extra Box 1: Dimensions of Applied Behavior Analysis 19

Organizational Behavior Management 20

Summary 20

Reading Quiz 4 20

Answers to Reading Quiz Questions 20

Notes 21

References 22

2 Understanding Behavioral Research 23

Variables 24

Correlation vs Causation 24

Experiments 25

Three Components of a Behavioral Experiment 26

Reading Quiz 1 27

Measuring Behavior 27

Behavioral Definitions 28

Observable and Objective 29

Refining the Behavioral Definition 29

Social Validity of the Behavioral Definition 29

Finalizing the Behavioral Definition 30

Interobserver Agreement (IOA) 30

What IOA Is Not 31

Reading Quiz 2 31

Dimensions of Behavior 32

Frequency 32

Latency 32

Duration 32

Magnitude 33

Four Direct-Observation Methods 33

Outcome Recording 33

When to Use Outcome Recording 34

Calculating IOA When Using Outcome Recording 35

Event Recording 36

When to Use Event Recording 37

Calculating IOA When Using Event Recording 37

Interval Recording 39

When to Use Interval Recording 39

Calculating IOA When Using Partial- or Whole-Interval Recording 40

Duration Recording 41

When to Use Duration Recording 41

Calculating IOA When Using Duration Recording 41

Reading Quiz 3 42

Summary 43

Answers to Reading Quiz Questions 44

Note 45

References 45

3 Experimental Designs in Behavior Analysis 47

Group Experimental Designs 49

Single-Subject Experimental Designs 51

Internal Validity of Single-Subject Experimental Designs 51

Four Types of Single-Subject Experimental Designs 52

Comparison (A-B) Design 52

Reversal (A-B-A) Design 54

Alternating-Treatments Design 55

Multiple-Baseline Designs 57

Defining Features of Single-Subject Designs 61

Three Kinds of Replication 62

Reading Quiz 1 63

Did Behavior Change? 64

Two Patterns of Behavior Change 65

What Makes a Change Convincing? 65

Guidelines for Conducting the Visual Analysis 67

What Is Responsible for the Change 71

Reading Quiz 2 72

Supplementing the Visual Analysis with Inferential Statistics 75

Summary 76

Answers to Reading Quiz Questions 77

Notes 80

References 80

4 Phylogenetic Behavior and Pavlovian Learning 82

Phylogenetically Selected Behavior 83

Reflex Learning - Habituation 84

The "Nature and Nurture" Answer to the "Nature vs Nurture" Debate 85

Elicited or Evoked? 85

Reading Quiz 1 86

Pavlovian Learning 86

A Simple Pavlovian Conditioning Procedure 87

Pavlovian Conditioning of Emotions 88

Pavlovian Fear Conditioning 89

The Little Albert Experiment 90

What Became of Little Albert? 91

Fear Conditioning and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder 92

Reading Quiz 2 92

What Is Learned During Pavlovian Conditioning? 93

Three Things Learned During Pavlovian Conditioning 94

Principles of Effective Pavlovian Conditioning 95

Applying these principles to PTSD 100

Reading Quiz 3 100

Generalization 101

Pavlovian Extinction-Based Therapy 103

Graduated Exposure Therapy 104

Spontaneous Recovery 105

Extra Box 1: Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Military Veterans 107

Reading Quiz 4 108

Pavlovian Conditioning in Everyday Life 108

Taste-Aversion Learning 109

Advertising 110

Summary 111

Answers to Reading Quiz Questions 111

Notes 112

References 113

5 Operant Learning I: Reinforcement 117

Operant Behavior 117

Reading Quiz 1 118

Response-Consequence Contingencies 119

Learning Response-Consequence Contingencies 120

Noncontingent Consequences 122

Superstitious Behavior 123

Reading Quiz 2 123

Changing Behavior with Contingent Consequences 124

Extra Box 1: Noncontingent Consequences in North Korea 125

Reinforcers, Reinforcement, and Rewards 126

Reading Quiz 3 127

The Discovery of Reinforcement 127

How to Tell If a Consequence Functions as a Reinforcer 128

From Puzzle Boxes to Skinner Boxes 130

Reading Quiz 4 131

Response Variability: Exploring and Exploiting 131

Extra Box 2: Add Some Variability to Your Life 132

The Generic Nature of Operant Behavior 133

Not Every Consequence Functions as a Reinforcer 134

Reading Quiz 5 134

Reinforcement in Social Media and Video Games 137

Games for Good 137

Summary 138

Answers to Reading Quiz Questions and Questions Posed in Table 5.2 139

Notes 141

References 141

6 Operant Learning II: Positive and Negative Reinforcement 143

Positive Reinforcement 143

Positive Reinforcement in the Lab 144

Negative Reinforcement 146

Negative Reinforcement - Escape (SRE¿) 146

Negative Reinforcement - Escape (SRE¿) in the Lab 148

Negative Reinforcement - Avoidance (SRA¿) 148

Negative Reinforcement - Avoidance (SRA¿) in the Lab 150

Extra Box 1: What Is the Consequence in SRA¿? 150

Reading Quiz 1 152

Positive or Negative Reinforcement: Is There Really a Difference? 153

Reason 1: Heuristics 153

Reason 2: Loss Aversion 154

Reason 3: Preference for Positive Reinforcement 155

Using Reinforcement to Positively Influence Behavior 155

Reinforcement in the Workplace 156

Three Objections to Reinforcement 157

Objection 1: Intrinsic Motivation 157

Objection 2: Performance-Inhibiting Properties of Reinforcement 158

Creativity 159

Choking Under Pressure 159

Objection 3: Cheating 160

Reading Quiz 2 161

Theories of Reinforcement 161

The Response Strengthening Theory of Reinforcement 162

The Information Theory of Reinforcement 163

Evaluating the Theories 164

Reading Quiz 3 164

Summary 164

Answers to Reading Quiz Questions 165

References 165

7 Extinction and Differential Reinforcement 169

Operant Extinction Following Positive Reinforcement 170

Operant Extinction Following Negative Reinforcement (Escape Extinction) 171

How Quickly Will Operant Extinction Work? 174

Rate of Reinforcement Prior to Extinction 174

Motivation 175

Spontaneous Recovery of Operant Behavior 175

Reading Quiz 1 176

Extra Box 1: How Extinction Informs Theories of Reinforcement 177

Other Effects of Extinction 179

Extinction-Induced Emotional Behavior 179

Extinction Burst 179

Extinction-Induced Variability 180

Extinction-Induced Resurgence 181

We Tried It at Home 183

Reading Quiz 2 183

Using Extinction to Positively Influence Behavior 184

Functional Analysis of Behavior 184

Functional Analysis of Self-Injurious Behavior 186

Differential Reinforcement 187

Differential Reinforcement of Problem Behavior 188

How to Effectively Use Differential Reinforcement 189

Differentially Reinforcing Response Topography 190

Differentially Reinforcing Rate of Operant Behavior 192

Reading Quiz 3 192

Summary 193

Answers to Reading Quiz Questions 194

Note 194

References 195

8 Primary and Conditioned Reinforcement and Shaping 200

Primary Reinforcers 201

Conditioned Reinforcers 202

Pavlovian Learning and Conditioned Reinforcers 202

Verbal Learning and Conditioned Reinforcers 203

The Token Economy 204

Reading Quiz 1 206

Arranging Effective Conditioned Reinforcers 207

Extra Box 1: Conditioned Reinforcers in Zoos 210

Clicker Training with Humans 211

Reading Quiz 2 212

Shaping 213

Extra Box 2: Shaping Animal Behavior on the Farm 214

Shaping Human Behavior 215

Shaping and Flow 215

Principles of Effective Shaping 217

Try It at Home: The Shaping Game 220

Reading Quiz 3 221

Automating Shaping: Percentile Schedules of Reinforcement 221

Summary 224

Answers to Reading Quiz Questions 225

Notes 226

References 226

9 Motivation, Reinforcer Efficacy, and Habit Formation 229

Everyday Concepts of Motivation 230

From Motivation to Motivating Operations 232

Two Kinds of Motivating Operations 232

Examples of EOs 233

Examples of AOs 234

Motivating Operations Require Response-Reinforcer Contingency Learning 234

The Therapeutic Utility of Motivating Operations 235

Extra Box 1: The...

Details
Erscheinungsjahr: 2021
Fachbereich: Allgemeines
Genre: Importe, Psychologie
Rubrik: Geisteswissenschaften
Thema: Lexika
Medium: Buch
Inhalt: 464 S.
ISBN-13: 9781119126539
ISBN-10: 1119126533
Sprache: Englisch
Einband: Gebunden
Autor: Madden, Gregory J
Reed, Derek D
Digennaro Reed, Florence D
Hersteller: Wiley
Verantwortliche Person für die EU: Wiley-VCH GmbH, Boschstr. 12, D-69469 Weinheim, product-safety@wiley.com
Maße: 239 x 193 x 26 mm
Von/Mit: Gregory J Madden (u. a.)
Erscheinungsdatum: 10.05.2021
Gewicht: 1,05 kg
Artikel-ID: 119477565
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