Jennifer E. Graham, DVM, Dipl. ABVP (Avian / Exotic Companion Mammal), Dipl. ACZM, is an Assistant Professor of Zoological Companion Animal Medicine in the Department of Clinical Sciences at Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University, North Grafton, Massachusetts, USA.

Adenoviruses 1

Aggression (in Problem Behaviors: Aggression, Biting and Screaming) (244)

Airborne Toxins 3

Air Sac Mites 5

Air Sac Rupture 7

Anemia 9

Angel Wing 11

Anorexia 13

Anticoagulant Rodenticide Toxicosis 15

Arthritis 18

Ascites 21

Aspergillosis 24

Aspiration 27

Atherosclerosis 29

Avian Influenza 33

Avocado Toxins (in Plant and Avocado Toxins) (225)

Beak Injuries 36

Beak Malocclusion (Scissors Beak) 38

Bite Wounds 41

Biting (in Problem behaviors: Aggression, Biting and Screaming) (244)

Bordetellosis 44

Botulism 46

Brain Tumors (in CNS Tumors, Brain Tumors, Pituitary Tumors) (68)

Campylobacteriosis 48

Candidiasis 50

Carbamate Toxicity (in Organophosphate and Carbamate Toxicity) (200)

Cardiac Disease 52

Cere and Skin, Color Changes 54

Chlamydiosis 56

Chronic Egg Laying 59

Circoviruses 61

Cloacal Disease 63

Clostridiosis 66

CNS Tumors, Brain Tumors, Pituitary Tumors 68

Coagulation (in Coagulopathies and Coagulation) (71)

Coagulopathies and Coagulation 71

Coccidiosis, Intestinal 74

Coccidiosis, Systemic 76

Coelomic Distention 79

Colibacillosis 82

Crop Stasis (in Ingluvial Hypomotility, Crop Stasis and Ileus) (153)

Cryptosporidiosis 85

Cystic Ovaries (in Ovarian Cysts, Neoplasia and Cystic Ovaries) (206)

Dehydration 87

Dermatitis 89

Diabetes Insipidus 91

Diabetes Mellitus (in Hyperglycemia and Diabetes Mellitus) (143)

Diarrhea 93

Dyslipidemia/Hyperlipidemia 95

Dystocia and Egg Binding 98

Ectoparasites 101

Egg Binding (in Dystocia and Egg Binding) (98)

Egg Yolk and Reproductive Coelomitis 103

Emaciation 105

Enteritis and Gastritis 108

Feather Cyst 111

Feather Damaging Behavior and Self-Injurious Behavior 113

Feather Disorders 117

Fecal Discoloration (in Urate and Fecal Discoloration) (295)

Flagellate Enteritis 119

Fractures and Luxations 121

Gastritis (in Enteritis and Gastritis) (108)

Gastrointestinal Foreign Bodies 124

Gastrointestinal Helminthiasis 126

Heavy Metal Toxicity 129

Hemoparasites 131

Hemorrhage 134

Hepatic Lipidosis 137

Herpesviruses 140

Hyperglycemia and Diabetes Mellitus 143

Hyperlipidemia (in Dyslipidemia/Hyperlipidemia) (95)

Hyperuricemia 145

Hypocalcemia and Hypomagnesemia 147

Hypomagnesemia (in Hypocalcemia and Hypomagnesemia) (147)

Ileus (in Ingluvial Hypomotility, Crop Stasis and Ileus) (153)

Infertility 150

Ingluvial Hypomotility, Crop Stasis and Ileus 153

Intestinal Helminthiasis (in Gastrointestinal Helminthiasis) (126)

Iron Storage Disease 156

Lameness 158

Lipomas 161

Liver Disease 163

Luxations (in Fractures and Luxations) (121)

Lymphoid Leukosis (in Viral Neoplasms: Marek's Disease, Lymphoid Leukosis and Reticuloendotheliosis) (302)

Lymphoid Neoplasia 166

Macrorhabdus Ornithogaster 169

Marek's Disease (in Viral Neoplasms: Marek's Disease, Lymphoid Leukosis and Reticuloendotheliosis) (302)

Metabolic Bone Disease 171

Mycobacteriosis 174

Mycoplasmosis 177

Mycotoxicosis 179

Neurologic Conditions 182

Nutritional Imbalances 185

Obesity 188

Ocular Lesions 190

Oil Exposure 193

Oral Plaques 197

Organophosphate and Carbamate Toxicity 200

Osteomyelosclerosis and Polyostotic Hyperostosis 202

Otitis 204

Ovarian Cysts, Neoplasia and Cystic Ovaries 206

Ovarian Neoplasia (in Ovarian Cysts, Neoplasia and Cystic Ovaries) (206)

Overgrown Beak and Nails 210

Overgrown Nails (in Overgrown Beak and Nails) (210)

Oviductal Disease (in Salpingitis, Oviductal Disease and Uterine Disorders) (262)

Pancreatic Diseases 213

Papillomas, Cutaneous 216

Paramyxoviruses 218

Pasteurellosis 221

Phallus Prolapse 223

Pituitary Tumors (in CNS Tumors, Brain Tumors, Pituitary Tumors) (68)

Plant and Avocado Toxins 225

Pneumonia 228

Pododermatitis 231

Polydipsia 234

Polyomavirus 237

Polyostotic Hyperostosis (in Osteomyelosclerosis and Polyostotic Hyperostosis) (202)

Polyuria 239

Poxvirus 241

Problem Behaviors: Aggression, Biting and Screaming 244

Proventricular Dilatation Disease (PDD) 247

Regurgitation and Vomiting 249

Renal Disease 251

Respiratory Distress 254

Reproductive Coelomitis (in Egg Yolk and Reproductive Coelomitis) (103)

Reticuloendotheliosis (in Viral Neoplasms: Marek's Disease, Lymphoid Leukosis and Reticuloendotheliosis) (302)

Rhinitis and Sinusitis 257

Salmonellosis 260

Salpingitis, Oviductal Disease and Uterine Disorders 262

Sarcocystis 265

Scissors Beak (in Beak Malocclusion) (38)

Screaming (in Problem Behaviors: Aggression, Biting and Screaming) (244)

Seizures 267

Self-Injurious Behavior (in Feather Damaging Behavior and Self-Injurious Behavior) (113)

Sick Bird Syndrome 270

Sinusitis (in Rhinitis and Sinusitis) (257)

Slipped Tendon (in Splay Leg and Slipped Tendon) (272)

Splay Leg and Slipped Tendon 272

Squamous Cell Carcinoma 274

Syringeal Disease (in Tracheal Disease and Syringeal Disease) (281)

Thyroid Diseases 277

Toxoplasmosis 279

Tracheal Disease and Syringeal Disease 281

Trauma 284

Trichomoniasis 287

Tumors 289

Undigested Food in Droppings 292

Urate and Fecal Discoloration 295

Uropygial Gland Disease 297

Uterine Disorders (in Salpingitis, Oviductal Disease and Uterine Disorders) (262)

Viral Disease 299

Viral Neoplasms: Marek's Disease, Lymphoid Leukosis and Reticuloendotheliosis 302

Vitamin D Toxicosis 305

Vomiting (in Regurgitation and Vomiting) (249)

West Nile Virus 307

Xanthomas 310

Appendix 1: Common Dosages for Birds 312

Appendix 2: Avian Hematology Reference Values 318

Appendix 3: Laboratory Testing (USA) 320

Appendix 4: Viral Diseases of Concern 330

Appendix 5: Selected Zoonotic Diseases of Concern and Personal Protection 335

Appendix 6: Common Avian Toxins and their Clinical Signs 337

Appendix 7: Clinical Algorithms 340

Algorithm 1: Sick Bird Syndrome 340

Algorithm 2: Diarrhea 341

Algorithm 3: Regurgitation/Vomiting 342

Algorithm 4: Respiratory Distress 343

Algorithm 5: Coelomic Distention 344

Algorithm 6: Egg Binding 345

Algorithm 7: Anemia 346

Algorithm 8: Oropharyngeal Lesions 347

Algorithm 9: Neurologic Signs 348

Algorithm 10: Polydipsia 349

Algorithm 11: Polyuria 350

Algorithm 12: Feather Damaging Behavior 351

Algorithm 13: Lameness 352

Algorithm 14: Hyperuricemia 353

Algorithm 15: Hepatopathy 354

Index 355