The Editor

FELIX DUERR, Dr. med. vet., MS, DACVS-SA, DECVS, DACVSMR, is Associate Professor of Small Animal Orthopedics in the Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences at Colorado State University in Fort Collins, Colorado, USA.

List of Contributors xix Preface xxi Acknowledgments xxiii Editor Biography xxiv About the Companion Website xxv Section 1 Lameness Diagnosis 1 Part I Lameness Evaluation 3 1 Subjective Gait Evaluation 5Felix Michael Duerr 1.1 Introduction 5 1.2 Observation at Rest 5 1.3 Observation in Motion 6 References 13 2 Objective Gait Analysis 15Bryan T. Torres 2.1 Introduction 15 2.2 Kinetic Analysis 15 2.3 Kinematic Analysis 21 2.4 Making the Best of Your Gait Data Collection 27 2.5 Evaluating Gait Data 28 References 29 3 The Orthopedic Examination 31Dirsko J.F. von Pfeil and Felix Michael Duerr 3.1 Introduction 31 3.2 The Orthopedic Examination 31 References 39 4 The Neurologic Examination 41Lisa Bartner 4.1 Introduction 41 4.2 Neuroanatomy Related to Limb Function 42 4.3 The Neurologic Examination 48 4.4 Diagnostic Tests 63 References 65 5 The Rehabilitation Examination 67Sasha Foster 5.1 Introduction 67 5.2 Passive Range of Motion 68 5.3 Joint Play 77 5.4 Flexibility Testing 79 5.5 Strength Testing 81 References 83 6 The Myofascial Examination 85Rick Wall 6.1 Introduction 85 6.2 Characteristics of Myofascial Trigger Points 85 6.3 Etiology and Pathophysiology of Myofascial Trigger Points 86 6.4 The Myofascial Examination 87 6.5 Myofascial Pain Syndrome Patterns Associated with Lameness 88 6.6 Clinical Significance 89 References 90 Part II Diagnostic Techniques 93 7 Arthrocentesis Technique 95Bryan T. Torres and Felix Michael Duerr 7.1 Introduction 95 7.2 Risks and Contraindications 96 7.3 Restraint 96 7.4 Site Preparation 96 7.5 Equipment 96 7.6 Approaches 98 References 104 8 Diagnostic Joint Anesthesia 105Bryan T. Torres and Felix Michael Duerr 8.1 Introduction 105 8.2 Patient Selection 105 8.3 Sedation Protocols 106 8.4 Intra-articular Anesthetic Instillation 108 8.5 Lameness Evaluation and Interpreting the Effect of Diagnostic Joint Anesthesia 108 References 110 9 Joint Fluid Analysis and Collection Considerations 111Adam Harris and Kelly Santangelo 9.1 Introduction 111 9.2 Sample Submission and Prioritization of Diagnostic Tests 111 9.3 Gross, Biochemical, and Cytologic Examination 113 9.4 Canine Arthropathies 120 References 122 10 Diagnostic Imaging Techniques in Lameness Evaluation 125Angela J. Marolf 10.1 Introduction 125 10.2 Radiography 125 10.3 Ultrasonography 126 10.4 Computed Tomography 127 10.5 Magnetic Resonance Imaging 130 10.6 Nuclear Medicine 131 References 133 11 Diagnostic Approach to Neoplastic Conditions Causing Lameness 135Bernard Séguin 11.1 Introduction 135 11.2 Diagnostic Methods 135 11.3 Specific Tumors 138 References 139 Section 2 Regional Diagnosis 141 Part III Distal Limb Lameness 143 12 Distal Limb Region 145Nicolaas E. Lambrechts 12.1 Introduction 145 12.2 Normal Anatomy 145 12.3 Arthritis 152 12.4 Fractures of the Distal Limb Region 154 12.5 Conditions of Muscles, Tendon, and Ligaments 157 12.6 Conditions of the Digital and Paw Pads 159 12.7 Conditions of the Digit/Paw Skin 162 12.8 Conditions of the Claws 163 12.9 Other Conditions Affecting the Distal Limb Region 164 References 166 Part IV Thoracic Limb Lameness 169 13 Carpal Region 171Denis J. Marcellin-Little and Dirsko J.F. von Pfeil 13.1 Introduction and Common Differential Diagnoses 171 13.2 Normal Anatomy and Osteoarthritis 171 13.3 Fractures of the Carpal Region 175 13.4 Carpal Hyperextension and Other Carpal Ligamentous Injuries 179 13.5 Deformities of the Carpal Region 185 13.6 Tendinous and Muscular Lesions of the Carpal Region 186 13.7 Other Diseases Affecting the Carpal Region 187 References 191 14 Elbow Region 195Felix Michael Duerr 14.1 Introduction and Common Differential Diagnoses 195 14.2 Normal Anatomy and Arthritis 195 14.3 Fractures of the Elbow Region 200 14.4 Incomplete Ossification of the Humeral Condyle 201 14.5 Elbow Dysplasia/Incongruity 203 14.6 Medial Compartment Disease 205 14.7 Traumatic Fracture of the Medial Coronoid Process 208 14.8 Osteochondrosis Dissecans 209 14.9 Ununited Anconeal Process 209 14.10 Elbow Luxation 210 14.11 Panosteitis 212 14.12 Septic Arthritis 214 14.13 Flexor Enthesopathy 215 14.14 Other Diseases Affecting the Elbow Region 217 References 219 15 Shoulder Region 223Kristina M. Kiefer and Dirsko J.F. von Pfeil 15.1 Introduction and Common Differential Diagnoses 223 15.2 Normal Anatomy and Osteoarthritis 223 15.3 Fractures of the Shoulder Region 229 15.4 Medial Shoulder Instability 231 15.5 Traumatic Shoulder Luxation 235 15.6 Biceps Brachii Tendinopathy 237 15.7 Supraspinatus Tendinopathy 242 15.8 Infraspinatus Disease 243 15.9 Osteochondrosis Dissecans 246 15.10 Other Diseases Affecting the Shoulder Region 248 References 250 16 Neurological Disease of the Thoracic Limb 255Lisa Bartner 16.1 Introduction 255 16.2 Relevant Anatomy 255 16.3 Neurological Diseases Affecting the Thoracic Limb 257 References 268 17 Neoplastic Conditions of the Thoracic Limb 271Bernard Séguin 17.1 Introduction 271 17.2 Neoplasia of Specific Regions 271 References 277 Part V Pelvic Limb Lameness 279 18 Tarsal Region 281Kathleen Linn and Felix Michael Duerr 18.1 Introduction and Common Differential Diagnoses 281 18.2 Normal Anatomy 281 18.3 Fractures of the Tarsal Region 288 18.4 Tarsal Joint Luxations 291 18.5 Pathology of the Common Calcanean Tendon 294 18.6 Osteochondrosis Dissecans 298 18.7 Other Diseases Affecting the Tarsal Region 300 References 304 19 Stifle Region 307Jennifer Warnock and Felix Michael Duerr 19.1 Introduction and Common Differential Diagnoses 307 19.2 Normal Anatomy 307 19.3 Fractures of the Stifle Region 314 19.4 Cranial Cruciate Ligament Disease 316 19.5 Patellar Luxation 329 19.6 Stifle Luxation 334 19.7 Isolated Caudal Cruciate Ligament Rupture 336 19.8 Osteochondrosis Dissecans 337 19.9 Patellar Ligament Pathology 339 19.10 Other Diseases Affecting the Stifle Region 340 References 343 20 Hip Region 347Nina R. Kieves 20.1 Introduction and Common Differential Diagnoses 347 20.2 Normal Anatomy 347 20.3 Fractures of the Hip Region 353 20.4 Coxofemoral Luxation 356 20.5 Hip Dysplasia 358 20.6 Avascular Necrosis of the Femoral Head 366 20.7 Muscle Contractures 367 20.8 Iliopsoas Tendinopathy 371 20.9 Other Diseases Affecting the Hip Region 373 References 376 21 Neurological Disease of the Pelvic Limb 379Lisa Bartner 21.1 Introduction 379 21.2 Relevant Anatomy 379 21.3 Neurological Diseases Affecting the Pelvic Limb 381 References 389 22 Neoplastic Conditions of the Pelvic Limb 391Bernard Séguin 22.1 Introduction 391 22.2 Neoplasia of Specific Regions 391 References 394 Glossary 397 List of Abbreviations 401 Index 403