Suzanne L. Noble BDS, MFGDP, MDentSci, is Director of the Birmingham School of Dental Hygiene & Therapy, The University of Birmingham

Author biographies ix Preface xv Acknowledgements xvi Section 1 Core Basic Science 1 1 Oral embryology, histology and anatomy 3Sheila Phillips Introduction 3 Oral embryology 3 Early tooth development 4 Development of the dental tissues 5 Histology of oral tissues 8 Histology of dental tissues 11 Oral anatomy 15 Anatomy of the oral cavity 20 Tooth morphology 26 2 General pathology 32Henk S. Brand and Arjan Vissink Introduction 32 Inflammation and immunity 32 Wound healing 38 Hyperplasia, hypertrophy and atrophy 39 Neoplasia 41 Haemostasis 46 Atherosclerosis 48 Cardiac disease 49 Hypertension 51 3 Oral medicine and pathology 53Paula Farthing Introduction 53 Viral infections 53 Oral ulceration 54 White patches and premalignant lesions of the oral mucosa 56 Oral cancer 58 Soft tissue swellings of the oral mucosa 60 Cysts of the jaws 62 Conditions of the salivary glands 64 Oral manifestations of systemic disease 65 Common causes of facial pain 66 Disorders of the temporomandibular joint 67 Developmental tooth anomalies 67 Tooth wear 70 4 Dental caries and pulpitis 72Avijit Banerjee and Naveen Karir Introduction 72 Aetiology and microbiology of dental caries in relation to dental plaque 72 The epidemiology of caries 79 Features of enamel, dentine and root caries 80 Diagnostic methods for dental caries 83 Non-surgical management of dental caries 86 Surgical management of dental caries 86 The histopathology of pulpitis 88 Abscess formation 88 Section 2 Clinical 91 5 The periodontium, tooth deposits and periodontal diseases 93Philip R. Greene and Maggie Jackson Introduction 93 The normal periodontium 93 The classification of periodontal disease 96 Chronic gingivitis 96 Chronic periodontitis 98 Aggressive periodontitis 100 Histopathology of periodontal diseases 101 Gingival recession 102 Acute periodontal conditions 102 Microbiological aspects of periodontal disease 104 Principles of periodontal examination 105 Treatment of chronic periodontitis 111 Conclusion 123 6 Oral health education and promotion 125Jane M. Pratt Introduction 125 Meaning of health 126 Defining health education and health promotion 126 Promotion of oral health 127 Considerations while planning health education and health promotion 130 Planning a teaching session 133 Oral health promotion/education examples 136 Conclusion 138 7 Diet and nutrition 139Suzanne L. Noble Introduction 139 The relationship between diet and disease 139 The current national dietary recommendations 140 Dietary requirements of groups with special needs 145 The effect of ethnicity and culture on nutrition 147 Dietary needs in specific states of disease 147 The principles behind the dietary control of dental caries 147 Classification of sugars in relation to dental caries 149 Alternative sweeteners 151 The relationship between diet and erosion 152 The relationship of diet to periodontal diseases 153 The role of the dental hygienist/therapist in dietary advice and counselling 155 8 Microbiology and infection prevention and control 158Mary J. O'Donnell, Denise MacCarthy and David C. Coleman Introduction 158 Requirement for a formal infection prevention and control policy 158 Microorganisms 159 Immunisation 161 Standard precautions 162 Hand hygiene 162 Aseptic techniques 164 Protective clothing 164 Processing and handling of dental instruments 166 Surgery design 170 General surface cleaning and disinfection 171 Waste management 171 The dental chair unit as a vehicle for cross-contamination and cross-infection 172 The dental laboratory 176 Diagnostic specimens 177 9 Materials in restorative dentistry 181 Paul Franklin and Paul Brunton
Introduction 181 Amalgam 181 Resin composite 183 Glass ionomer cements 187 Cermets 191 Compomers 191 Materials for the protection of fissures 192 Adhesion to tooth substance 192 Pulp protection regimes 195 Temporary dressing materials 196 Impression materials 197 Key points 198 10 Pharmacology and pain control 199Margaret Kellett Introduction 199 Prescribing regulations and the use of the BNF 199 The use of antibiotics and antimicrobials in dentistry 201 The use of analgesics in dentistry 204 The relevance of other drugs that may affect oral health and dental treatment 205 Local analgesic agents 208 Techniques for local analgesia 209 Difficulties, complications and emergencies that can be associated with local analgesia 214 Equipment used in dental local analgesia 216 Conclusions 218 11 Preventive dentistry 219Sarah Murray and Baldeesh Chana Introduction 219 Definitions of prevention 219 Prevention of periodontal disease 221 Prevention of caries 224 Fluoride 225 Fissure sealants 229 Life-long prevention 231 Prevention for persons with special needs 232 Prevention and implantology 233 Oral cancer screening 235 Alcohol abuse 236 Smoking cessation 237 Smoking habits 237 Illegal drug abuse 240 The primary health care team 241 12 Paediatric dentistry 244Sharon M.G. Lee and George T.R. Lee Introduction 244 Dental development 244 Tooth notation 244 Tooth eruption 245 Morphological differences between primary and permanent teeth 245 Disruption in the number of teeth 245 Disruption of tooth form 246 Abnormalities of tooth structure 247 Dental caries 248 Tooth wear in children 253 Treatment of dental caries in the primary dentition 254 Soft tissue problems in children 260 Anxiety and pain control 262 Trauma in children 267 13 Adult restorative dentistry 269Ann C. Shearer Introduction: the importance of the treatment plan 269 Charting the adult dentition 270 Classification of cavities 270 Preparation of cavities 272 Pulp protection 276 Moisture control 277 Direct restoratives: clinical properties, handling and placement 279 Polishing and finishing restorations 288 Replacing and repairing restorations 288 Temporary restorative materials and their placement 289 Temporary crowns 289 The clinical aspects of taking impressions 290 The management of discoloured teeth 290 The management of tooth wear 291 Management of trauma 293 The principles of advanced restorative care 293 Care of instruments and handpieces 296 The ergonomic environment 297 Management of anxiety 297 14 Exodontia 299Hazel J. Fraser Introduction 299 Indications for tooth extraction 299 Contraindications for tooth extraction 300 Relevant anatomical structures 300 Preparation of the patient 300 Obtaining local analgesia 301 Clinical assessment 301 Extraction instruments 302 Extraction technique 304 Postoperative care 307 Complications of exodontia 307 15 Gerodontology 311Fiona Sandom Introduction 311 Physiological age changes 311 Pathological change 314 Nutritional disturbance 318 The dentate elderly 318 Domiciliary care 318 Treatment of the terminally ill 321 16 Medical emergencies and their management 325Lesley Longman and Colette Balmer Introduction 325 Management considerations 325 The role of the hygienist/therapist 327 Avoidance of a medical emergency 327 Assessment of the sick patient using the 'ABCDE' approach 329 Medical emergencies 330 Patient discharge 345 Conclusion 346 17 Health and safety at work 347Hilary R. Samways Introduction 347 Working environment 347 Materials 348 Equipment 348 First aid 350 Waste disposal 350 Accident book 351 Fire prevention 352 Radiation protection 353 Personal protection 354 Clinical governance 359 Risk assessment 359 18 Complementary and alternative medicine 361Philip Wander Introduction 361 Acupuncture 362 Herbalism 363 Aromatherapy 363 Chiropractic 364 Osteopathy 364 Hypnosis 364 Homeopathy 365 Biological medicine for the twenty-first century 369 Section 3 Non-clinical 371 19 Primary care services 373Sara Holmes and Leanna Wynne Introduction 373 The framework of UK primary dental care service provision 374 The provision of NHS dental services 374 The primary dental care team 376 The public health agenda and an introduction to epidemiology 379 Summary 382 20 Law, ethics and professionalism 383Hew Matthewson Introduction 383 Regulation of dental practice 383 Professional duties and obligations towards patients 385 Patient consent to treatment 388 Relationships with professional colleagues 390 Relationships with the public 391 Clinical governance 392 Employment law 394 Sources of advice 394 Index 396 Companion Website This book is accompanied by a website: [...] The website includes: ¿ Multiple Choice Questions ¿ Figures from the book