The Editors

BLAKE ROEBER is Thomas J. and Robert T. Rolfs Associate Professor of Philosophy at the University of Notre Dame. He is Associate Editor of Philosophical Studies and has published in Nous, PPR, Mind, and other leading journals.

ERNEST SOSA is Board of Governors Professor of Philosophy at Rutgers University. He is the author of numerous papers and books on epistemology and is the editor of Nous, Philosophical Issues, and Philosophy and Phenomenological Research.

MATTHIAS STEUP is Professor of Philosophy at the University of Colorado, Boulder. He is the author of An Introduction to Contemporary Epistemology and numerous articles on epistemology. He is the editor of Knowledge, Truth, and Duty and the co-editor of A Companion to Epistemology.

JOHN TURRI is Professor and Canada Research Chair in Philosophy and Cognitive Science at the University of Waterloo, where he directs the Philosophical Science Lab. He has published research in many leading philosophy, psychology, and cognitive science journals.

Notes on Contributors vii

Preface to the Third Edition xiii

Preface to the Second Edition xiv

Preface to the First Edition xv

Introduction xvii

1 Does Knowledge Come First in Epistemology? 1

Knowledge Comes First 1
Mona Simion

Known Unknowns and the Limits of Knowledge 7
Aidan McGlynn

Knowledge Still Comes First 14
Mona Simion

Circumstantial Luck and Knowledge-First Epistemology 16
Aidan McGlynn

2 Does Justification Supervene on the Internal? 23

Is Justification Just in the Head? 23
Clayton Littlejohn

The Possibility of Internalist Epistemology 36
Kurt L. Sylvan

3 Is Suspension of Judgment a Question-Directed Attitude? 55

Is Suspension of Judgment a Question-Directed Attitude? No, Not Really 55
Matthew McGrath

Suspension of Judgment Is a Question-Directed Attitude 66
Jane Friedman

4 Are There Practical Reasons for Belief? 79

There Are Practical Reasons for Belief 79
Susanna Rinard

There Are No Practical Reasons for Belief 81
Thomas Kelly and Stewart Cohen

Reply to and Kelly and Cohen 93
Susanna Rinard

5 Is Evidence Permissive? 103

Introductions and Stage-Setting 103
Sophie Horowitz and Sinan Dogramaci

A Permissive Notion of Rationality 105
Miriam Schoenfield

We Are Not Mushy Permissivists and, Moreover, We Should Not Be 110
Sophie Horowitz and Sinan Dogramaci

Is the Disagreement Between Us Substantive? 116
Miriam Schoenfield

A Final Plea for Impermissivism 121
Sophie Horowitz and Sinan Dogramaci

Some Final Thoughts 123
Miriam Schoenfield

Permissivism and Metaepistemology 124
Sophie Horowitz, Sinan Dogramaci, and Miriam Schoenfield

6 Does Fundamental Evidence Consist in Seemings? 127

Evidence Is Seemings 127
Michael Huemer

Evidence Is Not Seemings 134
Maria Lasonen-Aarnio

Four Challenges for Phenomenal Conservatism 142
Michael Huemer

Preservative Memory and Trouble for Internalism 146
Maria Lasonen-Aarnio

7 Does Knowledge Exclude Luck? 151

Knowing Can Include Luck 151
Stephen Hetherington

There Cannot Be Lucky Knowledge 159
Duncan Pritchard

On Whether Knowing Can Include Luck: Asking the Correct Question 169
Stephen Hetherington

Reply to Hetherington 171
Duncan Pritchard

8 Is the A Priori/A Posteriori Distinction Important for Epistemology? 175

Is the A Priori/A Posteriori Distinction Superficial? 175
Timothy Williamson

The Significance of A Priori Justification 183
Paul Boghossian

Response to Boghossian 191
Timothy Williamson

Reply to Williamson 194
Paul Boghossian

9 How Should We Use Thought Experiments in Epistemology? 201

How to Use Thought Experiments 201
Elijah Chudnoff

A Guide to Thought Experiments in Epistemology 209
Wesley Buckwalter

How to Think About How to Use Thought Experiments 218
Elijah Chudnoff

Thinking About Using Thought Experiments: Further Questions 222
Wesley Buckwalter

10 Is Belief a Species of Credence? 229

Credences Are Degrees of Belief 229
Roger Clarke

Is Belief Credence 1? Depends on What You Mean! 237
Julia Staffel

Two in the Model, One in the Head 247
Roger Clarke

11 Is Epistemic Normativity Instrumental? 253

Epistemic Normativity Is Independent of Our Goals 253
Alex Worsnip

Epistemic Normativity Is Not Independent of Our Goals 263
J. Adam Carter

A Brief Reply to Carter 274
Alex Worsnip

12 Is Testimony a Basic Source of Justification? 279

A Defense of Local Reductionism About Testimony 279
Elizabeth Fricker

Anti- Reductionism in the Epistemology of Testimony 290
Sanford C. Goldberg

Comments on Sanford Goldberg's "Anti-Reductionism in the Epistemology of Testimony" 300
Elizabeth Fricker

Comments on Elizabeth Fricker's "A Defense of Local Reductionism About Testimony" 301
Sanford C. Goldberg

13 Does Common Sense Conflict with Skepticism? 305

Skepticism Is Common Sense 305
Allan Hazlett

Skepticism Is Not Common Sense 311
Krista Lawlor

Reply to Lawlor 318
Allan Hazlett

Reply to Hazlett 323
Krista Lawlor

14 Is Knowledge the Norm of Assertion? 329

Knowledge Is the Norm of Assertion 329
Matthew A. Benton

Knowledge Is Not Our Norm of Assertion 339
Peter J. Graham and Nikolaj Jang Lee Linding Pedersen

Index 355