BEHZAD RAZAVI, PhD, Professor of Electrical Enginnering at University of California, Los Angeles, is an award-winning author, researcher, and teacher. His research deals with wireless and wireline transceivers, high-speed communication circuits, and data converters. Author of more than 100 papers and seven popular books, Prof. Razavi is a Fellow of the IEEE, has served as an IEEE Distinguished Lecturer, and was recognized as one of the top ten authors in the fifty-year history of the International Solid-State Circuits Conference. He received the IEEE Donald O. Pederson Award in 2012 for his pioneering contributions to the design of high-speed CMOS communication circuits.

Preface to First Edition xiii

Preface xv

About the Author xvii

1 Introduction to Optical Communications 1

1.1 Brief History 1

1.2 Generic Optical System 2

1.3 Design Challenges 5

1.4 State of the Art 6

2 Basic Concepts 8

2.1 Properties of Random Binary Data 8

2.2 Generation of Random Data 12

2.3 Data Formats 14

2.4 Effect of Bandwidth Limitation on Random Data 16

2.5 Effect of Noise on Random Data 21

2.6 Phase Noise and Jitter 24

2.7 Transmission Lines 30

3 Optical Devices 36

3.1 Laser Diodes 36

3.2 Optical Fibers 46

3.3 Photodiodes 55

3.4 Optical Systems 58

4 Transimpedance Amplifiers 62

4.1 General Considerations 62

4.2 Open-Loop TIAs 73

4.3 Feedback TIAs 87

4.4 Supply Rejection 97

4.5 Differential TIAs 100

4.6 High-Performance Techniques 103

4.7 Automatic Gain Control 114

4.8 Case Studies 118

4.9 New Developments in TIA Design 122

5 Limiting Amplifiers and Output Buffers 130

5.1 General Considerations 130

5.2 Broadband Techniques 138

5.3 Output Buffers 149

5.4 Distributed Amplification 159

5.5 Other Broadband Techniques 171

6 Oscillator Fundamentals 185

6.1 General Considerations 185

6.2 Ring Oscillators 187

6.3 LC Oscillators 198

6.4 Voltage-Controlled Oscillators 211

6.5 Mathematical Model of VCOs 227

7 LC Oscillators 233

7.1 Monolithic Inductors 233

7.2 Monolithic Varactors 246

7.3 Basic LC Oscillators 248

7.4 Quadrature Oscillators 255

7.5 Distributed Oscillators 261

8 Phase-Locked Loops 264

8.1 Simple PLL 264

8.2 Charge-Pump PLLs 280

8.3 Nonideal Effects in PLLs 293

8.4 Delay-Locked Loops 300

8.5 Applications 302

9 Clock and Data Recovery 308

9.1 General Considerations 308

9.2 Phase Detectors for Random Data 320

9.3 Frequency Detectors for Random Data 333

9.4 CDR Architectures 338

9.5 Jitter in CDR Circuits 344

10 Multiplexers and Laser Drivers 356

10.1 Multiplexers 356

10.2 Frequency Dividers 364

10.3 Laser and Modulator Drivers 374

10.4 Design Principles 378

10.5 New Developments in Laser Driver Design 385

11 Burst-Mode Circuits 393

11.1 Passive Optical Networks 393

11.2 Burst-Mode TIAs 395

11.3 Burst-Mode CDR Circuits 404

11.4 Alternative BM CDR Architectures 413

Index 417