1. Introduction Grzegorz Mikusi¿ski, Jean-Michel Roberge and Robert J. Fuller; Part I. Forest Birds and their Adaptations: 2. Origins and dynamics of forest birds of the Northern Hemisphere Jacques Blondel; 3. Ecological adaptations of birds to forest environments Marc-André Villard and Ruud Foppen; 4. Tree holes and hole-nesting birds in European and North American forests Tomasz Wesöowski and Kathy Martin; Part II. European Forests and their Bird Communities: 5. Macroecological patterns in forest bird diversity in Europe Grzegorz Mikusi¿ski, Dani Villero, Sergi Herrando and Lluís Brotons; 6. Boreal forest bird assemblages and their conservation Jean-Michel Roberge, Raimo Virkkala and Mikko Mönkkönen; 7. Subalpine coniferous forests of Europe: Avian communities in European high altitude woodlands Pierre Mollet, Kurt Bollmann, Veronika Braunisch and Raphaël Arlettaz; 8. Temperate forests: a European perspective on variation and dynamics in bird assemblages Tomasz Wesöowski, Robert J. Fuller and Martin Flade; 9. Mediterranean forest bird communities and the role of landscape heterogeneity in space and time Lluís Brotons, Sergi Herrando, Clélia Sirami, Vassiliki Kati and Mario Díaz; 10. Plantations of non-native tree species: opportunities and limitations for birds in intensively managed forests John Calladine, Mario Díaz, Luis Reino, David Jardine and Mark Wilson; Part III. Conservation and Management: 11. Population trends and conservation status of forest birds Aleksi Lehikoinen and Raimo Virkkala; 12. Hunting and other forms of exploitation and persecution of forest birds Ilse Storch; 13. Conservation strategies and habitat management for European forest birds Robert J. Fuller and Hugo Robles; 14. Future forests, avian implications and research priorities Grzegorz Mikusi¿ski, Jean-Michel Roberge and Robert J. Fuller; Index.