Shreya Atrey is an Associate Professor in International Human Rights Law at the Faculty of Law, University of Oxford, and is based at the Bonavero Institute of Human Rights. Her research is on discrimination law, feminist theory, poverty, and disability law. Her monograph, Intersectional Discrimination (OUP 2019), which was runner-up for the Peter Birks Book Prize in 2020, presents an account of intersectionality theory in comparative discrimination law. Shreya is the Editor of the Human Rights Law Review published by OUP. Previously, Shreya was based at the University of Bristol Law School and has been a Max Weber Fellow at the European University Institute, Florence, and a Hauser Postdoctoral Global Fellow at the NYU School of Law, New York. She completed BCL with distinction and DPhil in Law on the Rhodes Scholarship from Magdalen College, University of Oxford. She is currently an associate member of the Oxford Human Rights Hub and an Official Fellow of Kellogg College.

Sandra Fredman is Professor of the Laws of the British Commonwealth and the USA at the University of Oxford, and a professorial fellow at Pembroke College. She was elected a Fellow of the British Academy in 2005 and became a KC (honoris causa) in 2012. She has written and published widely on anti-discrimination law, human rights law, and labour law, including numerous peer-reviewed articles. She was awarded a three-year Leverhulme Major Research Fellowship in 2004 to further her research into socio-economic rights and substantive equality. She is South African and holds degrees from the University of Witwatersrand and the University of Oxford. She has acted as an expert adviser on equality law and labour legislation in the EU, Northern Ireland, the UK, India, South Africa, Canada, Malaysia, and the UN; and is a barrister practising at Old Square Chambers. She founded the Oxford Human Rights Hub in 2012, of which she is the Director.

• Foreword


• 1: Shreya Atrey and Sandra Fredman: Introduction - Exponential Inequalities: What Can Equality Law Do?


• I. UNDERSTANDING EXPONENTIAL INEQUALITIES


• 2: Aleta Sprague, Amy Raub, and Jody Heymann: Protecting Workers' Equal Rights During Crisis and Recovery: Constitutional Approaches in 193 Countries


• 3: Diane Elson and Marion Sharples: Addressing Intersecting Inequalities Through Alternative Economic Strategies


• 4: Aaron Reeves, Kate Andersen, Mary Reader, and Rosalie Warnock: Social Security, Exponential Inequalities, and COVID-19: How Welfare Reform in the UK Left Larger Families Exposed to the Scarring Effects of the Pandemic


• 5: Meghan Campbell: The Proportionality of an Economic Crisis


• 6: Kelley Loper: Intersecting Crises and Exponential Inequalities: The View from Hong Kong


• II. ADDRESSING EXPONENTIAL INEQUALITIES


• Section A: Comparative and International Law


• 7: Colm O'Cinneide: New Directions Needed: Exponential Inequalities and the Limits of Equality Law


• 8: Mark Bell: More than an Afterthought? Equality Law in Ireland During the Pandemic


• 9: Jessica A Clarke: A Public Policy Approach to Inequality


• 10: Beth Gaze: Responding to Exponential Inequalities in Australia: Beyond the Limits of Equality and Discrimination Law


• 11: Helena Alviar García: The Interaction of Laws Enabling Gender Equality with Other Legal Regimes: Limiting Progress in Times of Crisis


• 12: Catherine O'Regan: Equal Access to Vaccines: Exposing the Limits of International Human Rights Law?


• Section B: Vulnerable Groups


• 13: Alysia Blackham: A Life Course Approach to Addressing Exponential Inequalities: Age, Gender, and COVID-19


• 14: Anna Lawson and Lisa Waddington: Disability in Times of Emergency: Exponential Inequality and the Role of Reasonable Accommodation Duties


• 15: Jule Mulder: Remote Working, Working from Home and EU Sex-Discrimination Law


• 16: Marta Machado and Taís Penteado: COVID-19 and Exponential Reproductive Rights-related Inequalities in Brazil


• 17: Aparna Chandra: A Life of Contradictions: Group Inequality and Socio-Economic Rights in the Indian Constitution


• 18: Victoria Miyandazi: An Equality-Sensitive Approach to Delivering Socio-Economic Rights During Crises: A Focus on Kenya


• 19: Catherine Albertyn: The Role of Equality Law in Expanding Access to Social Goods and Services in South Africa: Lessons after the Pandemic