Carola Bartning ist Yogalehrerin BDY/IYA, Fastenleiterin, Yogatherapeutin und Heilpraktikerin i. A. Sebastian Bartning ist Heilpraktiker, Fastenleiter und Yogalehrer. Gemeinsam leiten sie Heilfastenkuren mit Yoga, Meditation und Vorträgen zur Förderung der Gesundheit. Zudem sind sie die Autoren von "Heilfasten für Dummies".

Foreword xv Preface xix 1 Astrobioethics: Epistemological, Astrotheological, and Interplanetary Issues 1Octavio A. Chon Torres 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Epistemological Issue 3 1.3 Astrotheological Issue 6 1.4 Interplanetary Issue 9 1.5 Conclusions 12 References 13 2 Astroethics for Earthlings: Our Responsibility to the Galactic Commons 17Ted Peters 2.1 Introduction 17 2.2 Laying the Foundation for an Astroethics of Responsibility 20 2.2.1 First Foundational Question: Who Are We? 21 2.2.2 Second Foundational Question: What Do We Value? 22 2.2.2.1 Science and Value 24 2.2.2.2 Religious Reliance on the Common Good 25 2.2.2.3 A Secular Grounding for Astroethics? 27 2.2.3 Third Foundational Question: What Should We Do? 29 2.2.3.1 From Quandary to Responsibility 29 2.2.3.2 From Space Sanctuary to Galactic Commons 30 2.3 Astroethical Quandaries Arising Within the Solar Neighborhood 32 2.3.1 Does Planetary Protection Apply Equally to Both Earth and Off-Earth Locations? 32 2.3.2 Does Off-Earth Life Have Intrinsic Value? 33 2.3.3 Should Astroethicists Adopt the Precautionary Principle? 36 2.3.4 Who's Responsible for Space Debris? 36 2.3.5 How Should We Govern Satellite Surveillance? 37 2.3.6 Should We Weaponize Space? 38 2.3.7 Which Should Have Priority: Scientific Research or Making a Profit? 39 2.3.8 Should We Earthlings Terraform Mars? 40 2.3.9 Should We Establish Human Settlements on Mars? 42 2.3.10 How Do We Protect Earth from the Sky? 43 2.4 Levels of Intelligence in the Milky Way Metropolis 44 2.4.1 What is Our Responsibility Toward Intellectually Inferior ETI? 46 2.4.2 What is Our Responsibility Toward Peer ETI? 46 2.4.3 What is Our Responsibility Toward Superior ETI or Even Post-Biological Intelligence? 48 2.5 Conclusion 50 References 51 3 Moral Philosophy for a Second Genesis 57Julian Chela-Flores 3.1 Moral Philosophy on Earth and Elsewhere 58 3.1.1 The Origin of Ethics and Its Universal Relevance 58 3.1.2 Why Should We Act Morally? 59 3.1.3 Is a New Morality Needed for Astrobiological Explorations? 60 3.2 Identifying the Lack of Ethical Substance in Science Communication 61 3.2.1 Understanding the Boundaries of Knowledge 61 3.2.2 Implications of the Limits and Horizons of Science 63 3.3 Going from Astrobiology to Astrobioethics: A Big Step for Science and Humanism 64 3.3.1 The Pathway from Ethics to Bioethics and to Astrobioethics 64 3.3.2 The Question of the Role of Ethics in Astrobiology 64 3.4 Would There Be New Ethical Principles if There Were a Second Genesis? 65 3.4.1 Inevitability of the Emergence of a Particular Biosignature 65 3.4.2 Universalizable Ethical Criteria 66 3.5 Astrobioethics is Subject to Constraints on Chance 67 3.5.1 Not All Genes Are Equally Significant Targets for Evolution 67 3.5.2 Evolutionary Changes Are Constrained 67 3.6 How Are We Going to Treat Non-Human Life Away from the Earth? 68 3.6.1 Can Ethical Behavior Be Extended into a Cosmic Context 68 3.6.2 Instrumentation for the Search of Life 69 3.7 Ethical Principles in Early Proposals for the Search for Non-Human Life in the Solar System 69 3.7.1 Ethical Considerations in Previous Research in the Solar System 69 3.7.2 Instrumentation That Might Harm Exo-Microorganisms 70 3.8 Conclusion 71 Glossary 72 References 73 4 Who Goes There? When Astrobiology Challenges Humans 79Jacques Arnould 4.1 Introduction 79 4.2 The Copernican Revolution 80 4.3 Religious Reactions to the Copernican Revolution 81 4.4 Astrobiology and Speculation 83 4.5 Heretics 84 4.6 The Many Worlds Hypothesis 86 4.7 Desecration of Planets Beyond Earth 86 4.8 The Precautionary Principle 87 4.9 The Sacred Beyond Earth 91 4.10 Who Goes There? 91 4.11 Conclusion: The Astrobiological Apocalypse 92 Furher Readings 93 5 Social and Ethical Currents in Astrobiological Debates 95Kelly C. Smith 5.1 Introductory Musings 95 5.2 Uncertainty Opens the Door 97 5.3 Time Frames 100 5.4 Conceptual Frames 103 5.4.1 Error Avoiders vs. Optimizers 104 5.4.2 Ecologicals vs. Anthropocentrists 105 5.4.3 Communalists vs. Commercialists 106 5.5 Complications, Connections, and CYA 107 5.6 A Concluding Thought 109 References 110 6 The Ethics of Biocontamination 113Tony Milligan 6.1 The Beresheet Tardigrades 114 6.2 Our Conflicting Intuitions 117 6.3 The Intelligibility of Microbial Value 123 6.4 Contamination and Discovery 128 6.5 Conclusion 131 References 132 7 Astrobiology Education: Inspiring Diverse Audiences with the Search for Life in the Universe 135Chris Impey 7.1 The State of Astrobiology 136 7.2 Astrobiology as a Profession 138 7.3 Graduate Programs 141 7.4 Undergraduate Programs 142 7.5 Conferences and Schools 143 7.6 Courses for Non-Science Majors 144 7.7 Massive Open Online Classes 149 7.8 Teaching Materials and Books 149 References 152 8 Genetics, Ethics, and Mars Colonization: A Special Case of Gene Editing and Population Forces in Space Settlement 157Konrad Szocik, Margaret Boone Rappaport and Christopher Corbally 8.1 Introduction 158 8.1.1 The Complex Relationship Between Population Forces and Ethics 158 8.1.2 Humans Evolving on Earth and Mars 159 8.1.3 Bioenhancements: Science, Technology, and Ethics 160 8.1.4 A Set of Astrobioethical Guidelines for Off-World Exploration 161 8.2 Population Forces and the Ethical Issues They Raise 163 8.2.1 Natural Selection and Genetic Drift on Mars 163 8.2.2 Contrasting and Convergent Population Forces on Earth and Mars 164 8.2.3 Population Forces When Humans Colonize Mars, the Asteroids, and Outer Planets 165 8.3 Ethical Issues Implied by Population Forces and Genome Modification 166 8.3.1 Selection of Interplanetary Migrants Based on Invasive Genetic Procedures 166 8.3.2 Required Pre-Settlement Genetic Remediation 167 8.3.3 Moral Context for Genetic Engineering for Space 168 8.4 Case Types for Off-World Population Changeand Their Ethical Implications 168 8.4.1 The Case of the Isolated Space Colony 168 8.4.2 The Case of an Inclusivist or Exclusivist Space Colony: Science, Research, Intelligence 169 8.4.3 The Case of the Space Refuge as an Ethically Expensive Option 170 8.4.4 The Case of the Formation of a New Species of Human 171 8.5 Religious Ethics and Population Forces 172 8.6 Conclusions 174 Acknowledgement 175 References 175 9 Constructing a Space Ethics Upon Natural Law Ethics 177Brian Patrick Green 9.1 Introduction 178 9.2 Space Ethics and Natural Law Ethics 179 9.3 A Natural Law Ethics Including Space 182 9.4 The Disadvantages, Ambiguities, and Advantages of a Natural Law Space Ethics 185 9.5 Conclusion 188 References 189 10 Two Elephants in the Room of Astrobiology 193Jensine Andresen Abbreviations 194 10.1 Identifying the Two Elephants 195 10.2 The Phenomenon Elephant 197 10.3 The Weaponization Elephant 204 10.4 U.S. Government Spending on Weapons for Space 206 10.5 The Military-Industrial Complex Operates Under Euphemisms Citing "Government-Industry" Linkages 211 10.6 How the Two Elephants Are Connected 215 10.7 The Astroethics Public Policy Path Forward 216 References 219 11 Microbial Life, Ethics and the Exploration of Space Revisited 233Charles S. Cockell 11.1 Introduction 233 11.2 Critiques of Intrinsic Value 235 11.2.1 The Argument from Existing Destruction 235 11.2.2 The Argument from Sheer Numbers 237 11.2.3 The Argument from Impracticality 238 11.2.4 The Argument from Prevailing View 241 11.2.5 The Argument from Respect 243 11.3 What of Intrinsic Value? 244 11.4 Adjudicating Other Interests 247 11.5 Do We Need a Cosmocentric Ethic for Microbial-Type Life? 249 11.6 Conclusions 251 References 251 12 Astrobiology, the United Nations, and Geopolitics 255Linda Billings 12.1 Introduction 255 12.2 What is Astrobiology? 258 12.3 Ethical Issues in Astrobiology 258 12.4 Astrobiology and Planetary Protection 259 12.5 Conflicting Ideologies 262 12.6 International Cooperation-or Not? 266 12.7 Conclusions 267 References 269 13 An Ethical Assessment of SETI, METI, and the Value of Our Planetary Home 271Chelsea Haramia and Julia DeMarines 13.1 A Brief History of SETI and METI 271 13.2 Ethical Analyses of SETI and METI 273 13.3 Ethical Proposals for the Road Ahead 282 References 289 14 The Axiological Dimension of Planetary Protection 293Erik Persson 14.1 Introduction 293 14.2 The Relation Between the Epistemic and the Axiological Dimensions of Planetary Protection 294 14.3 The Axiological Dimension of Planetary Protection Today 296 14.4 The Nature of Epistemic Values 298 14.5 The Outer Space Treaty and the Axiological Dimension of Planetary Protection 299 14.6 The Axiological Dimension of Planetary Protection - Historical Background 302 14.7 Ethics and Planetary Protection 305 14.8 Competing Values - Planetary Protection and the Commercial Use of Space 307 14.9 Conclusions 308 References 309 15 Who Speaks for Humanity? The Need for a Single Political Voice 313Ian A. Crawford 15.1 Introduction 313 15.2 The Need for Global Decision-Making in an Astrobiological Context 315 15.3 Some Socio-Political Implications of Astrobiological Perspectives 319 15.4 Who Speaks for Humanity? Building Appropriate Political Institutions for Space Activities 324 15.4.1 A World Space Agency 325 15.4.2 Strengthening the United Nations for the Governance of Space Activities 327 15.4.3 Space Activities in the Context of a Future World Government 328 15.5 Conclusions 331 References 332 16 Interstellar Ethics and the Goldilocks Evolutionary Sequence: Can We Expect ETI to Be Moral? 339Margaret Boone Rappaport, Christopher Corbally and Konrad Szocik 16.1 Introduction 339 16.1.1 The Little Broached Question of Ethics 340 16.2 Astronomical Detection of Possible Life 341 16.2.1 The Complex Relationship Between Signals and Ethics 341 16.2.2 Astronomical Signal Detection, the Goldilocks Zone, Habitation, and Ethics 342 16.2.2.1 Exoplanets 342 16.2.2.2 Exoplanets in the Goldilocks Zone 342 16.2.2.3 Exoplanets, Oxygen, and the 'Red Edge' 343 16.2.2.4 The Great Leap from Plant Cover to Ethics 344 16.3 Operationalizing Human Neurological Features for an ETI Vetting Protocol...