Michael Ljungberg is a Professor at Medical Radiation Physics, Lund, Lund University, Sweden. He started his research in the Monte Carlo field in 1983 through a project involving a simulation of whole-body counters but later changed the focus to more general applications in nuclear medicine imaging and Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT). As a parallel to his development of the Monte Carlo code SIMIND, he started working in 1985 with quantitative SPECT and problems related to attenuation and scatter. After earninghis PhD in 1990, he received a research assistant position that allowed him to continue developing SIMIND for quantitative SPECT applications and established successful collaborations with international research groups. At this time, the SIMIND program also became used worldwide. Dr. Ljungberg became an associate professor in 1994 and in 2005, after working clinically as a nuclear medicine medical physicist, received a full professorship in the Science Faculty at Lund University. He became head of the Department of Medical Radiation Physics in 2013 and a full professor in the Medical Faculty in 2015.

Besides the development of SIMIND to include a new camera system with CZT detectors, his research includes an extensive project in oncological nuclear medicine and, with colleagues, he developed dosimetry methods based on quantitative SPECT, Monte-Carlo absorbed dose calculations, and methods for accurate 3D dose planning for internal radionuclide therapy. In recent years, his work has focused on implementing Monte-Carlo based image reconstruction in SIMIND. He is also involved in the undergraduate education of medical physicists and biomedical engineers and is supervising MSC and PhD students. In 2012, Professor Ljungberg became a member of the European Association of Nuclear Medicines task group on dosimetry and served in that group for six years. He has published over a hundred original papers, 18 conference proceedings, 18 books and book chapters and 14 peer- reviewed papers.

Contents

Preface...............................................................................................................................................................................ix

Contributors......................................................................................................................................................................xi

Editor Bio....................................................................................................................................................................... xiii

Chapter 1 The History of Nuclear Medicine.................................................................................................................1

Bo- Anders Jönsson

Chapter 2 Basic Atomic and Nuclear Physics.............................................................................................................15

Gudrun Alm Carlsson and Michael Ljungberg

Chapter 3 Basics of Radiation Interactions in Matter.................................................................................................39

Michael Ljungberg

Chapter 4 Radionuclide Production............................................................................................................................69

Hans Lundqvist

Chapter 5 Radiometry.................................................................................................................................................89

Mats Isaksson

Chapter 6 Scintillation Detectors..............................................................................................................................107

Per Roos

Chapter 7 Semiconductor Detectors.........................................................................................................................129

Per Roos

Chapter 8 Gamma Spectrometry...............................................................................................................................145

Christopher Rääf

Chapter 9 Properties of the Digital Image................................................................................................................175

Katarina Sjögreen Gleisner

Chapter 10 Image Processing......................................................................................................................................197

Johan Gustafsson

Chapter 11 Machine Learning....................................................................................................................................221

Karl Åström

Chapter 12 Image File Structures in Nuclear Medicine..............................................................................................237

Charles Herbst

Chapter 13 The Scintillation Camera..........................................................................................................................251

Jonathan Gear

Chapter 14 Collimators for Gamma Ray Imaging......................................................................................................265

Roel van Holen

Chapter 15 Image Acquisition Protocols....................................................................................................................279

Jonathan Gear

Chapter 16 Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT) and SPECT/ CT Hybrid Imaging................297

Michael Ljungberg and Kjell Erlandsson

Chapter 17 Dedicated Tomographic Single Photon Systems......................................................................................315

Jing Wu and Chi Liu

Chapter 18 PET Systems............................................................................................................................................333

Stefaan Vandenberghe

Chapter 19 Dead- time Effects in Nuclear Medicine Imaging Studies........................................................................343

Carlos Uribe and Anna Celler

Chapter 20 Principles of Iterative Reconstruction for Emission Tomography...........................................................355

Andrew J. Reader

Chapter 21 PET-CT Systems......................................................................................................................................389

Dimitris Visvikis

Chapter 22 Clinical Molecular PET/ MRI Hybrid Imaging........................................................................................397

Bernhard Sattler

Chapter 23 Quality Assurance of Nuclear Medicine Systems....................................................................................427

John Dickson

Chapter 24 Calibration and Traceability.....................................................................................................................455

Brian E. Zimmerman

Chapter 25 Activity Quantification from Planar Images............................................................................................463

Katarina Sjögreen Gleisner

Chapter 26 Quantification in Emission Tomography..................................................................................................479

Brian F. Hutton, Kjell Erlandsson, and Kris Thielemans

Chapter 27 Multicentre Studies: Hardware and Software Requirements...................................................................499

Terez Sera, Ronald Boellaard, Andres Kaalep, and Michael Ljungberg

Chapter 28 Preclinical Molecular Imaging Systems...................................................................................................515

Magnus Dahlbom

Chapter 29 Monte Carlo Simulation of Nuclear Medicine Imaging Systems............................................................533

David Sarrut and Michael Ljungberg

Chapter 30 Beta and Alpha Particle Autoradiography................................................................................................563

Anders Örbom, Brian W. Miller and Tom Bäck

Chapter 31 Principles behind Computed Tomography (CT)......................................................................................589

Mikael Gunnarsson and Kristina Ydström

Chapter 32 Principles behind Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)..........................................................................605

Ronnie Wirestam