PREFACE xi

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xiii

INTRODUCTION xv

PART I DESIGN FACTORS 1

1 THE LIGHTING DESIGN PROCESS 3

2 PERCEPTION AND VISION 6

Visible Light 6

The Eye and Brain 6

Brightness Perception 11

Color Perception 12

3 LIGHT AND HEALTH 16

Photobiology and Nonvisual Effects 16

The Aging Eye 19

Light Therapy 20

Assisted¿Living and Eldercare Facilities 20

Dynamic Electric Lighting 21

4 PSYCHOLOGY OF LIGHT 22

Emotional Impact 22

Degrees of Stimulation 22

Degrees of Brightness Contrast 23

The Three Elements of Light 27

Subjective Impressions 30

Certainty 33

Variation 33

5 PATTERNS OF BRIGHTNESS 36

Direction and Distribution of Light 36

Surface Finishes and Refl ectances 43

Three¿Dimensional Form 45

Glare and Sparkle 49

6 COLOR OF LIGHT 56

Color Temperature 58

Color Rendering 59

Subjective Impressions 60

Surface Finishes and Color of Light 61

7 MEASUREMENT OF LIGHT 65

Quantitative Illumination 65

PART II LIGHT SOURCES 71

8 DAYLIGHT 73

Daylight Design 74

Shading Devices 80

Glazing Materials 83

Quantity of Interior Daylight 83

9 FILAMENT SOURCES 86

Lamp Shapes 86

Lamp Bases 86

Filaments 87

Light Output 89

Tungsten¿Halogen Lamps 91

Lamp Types 93

Low¿Voltage Lamps 97

U.S. Legislation 99

Colored Light 100

10 LOW-INTENSITY DISCHARGE SOURCES 104

Fluorescent Lamps 104

Lamp Characteristics 113

Health and Safety Concerns 115

11 HIGH-INTENSITY DISCHARGE SOURCES 117

Mercury Vapor Lamps 117

High¿Pressure Sodium Lamps 118

Metal Halide Lamps 118

Lamp Characteristics 120

Low¿Pressure Sodium Lamps 124

12 SOLID-STATE LIGHTING 125

LEDs 125

Organic Light¿Emitting Diodes 133

13 AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT 134

Ballasts 134

Drivers 141

Transformers 142

PART III INTERIOR ILLUMINATION 145

14 LIGHT CONTROL 147

Control of Light Direction 147

Glare Control 158

15 LUMINAIRES 163

Housings 163

Light and Glare Control 167

Decorative Luminaires 199

Emergency and Exit Luminaires 200

16 SUSTAINABLE DESIGN 204

Integrating Light and Architecture 205

Visual Clarity 205

Architectural Surfaces 209

Task Lighting 214

Ambient Lighting 215

Lighting Three¿Dimensional Objects 219

Balance of Brightness 224

Successful Solutions 233

17 DESIGN VERIFICATION METHODS 234

Recommended Illuminance Values 234

Surface Refl ectance 236

Illuminance Calculations 237

Postoccupancy Evaluation 247

18 ELECTRICITY AND LIGHTING CONTROLS 249

Principles of Electricity 249

Switch Control 254

Dimming Control 258

Digital Lighting Controls 265

Energy¿Management Controls 267

19 DOCUMENTATION 268

Construction Documents 268

EPILOGUE 291

APPENDIX 293

REFERENCES 319

GLOSSARY 321

INDEX 331