Professor David Canter and Dr Donna Youngs are both of the International Research Centre for Investigative Psychology (IRCIP), UK.

Preface xi Acknowledgements xv Part I The Road to Investigative Psychology 1The Emergence of Investigative Psychology from Offender Profiling 1 Introducing Investigative Psychology 3 Psychology and Investigations 5 The Emergence of IP 8 Origins in 'Offender Profiling' 8 The Investigative Cycle 10 Disciplines Drawn On by IP 15 Mind the Gap - Bridging Policing and Psychology 15 System Integration versus Expert Opinion 18 Questions that Investigative Psychologists Ask 19 Beyond Crime and Criminals 23 Linking Theory and Practice - The Book Ahead 23 Summary 24 Further Reading 25 Questions for Discussion and Research 25 2 Foundations: Description and Classification 27 Psychology and Investigations 28 Historical Background 29 'Profiling' Emerges 37 The Significance of Inference 40 Investigative Psychology and Offender Profiling 41 Summary 41 Further Reading 42 Questions for Discussion and Research 43 3 The Coming of the Informed Detective 45 Medical Contributions 46 From Fact to Fiction to Fact 47 Distinguishing Deduction and Induction 52 Reverse Diagnosis 52 Serial Killers 53 Jack the Ripper 54 Beyond Speculation 56 Summary 57 Further Reading 57 Questions for Discussion and Research 58 4 The Age of Profiling and the Road to Investigative Psychology 59 Understanding Criminal Actions 60 The Emergence of Investigative Advice 67 The FBI Behavioral Science Unit 72 The Emergence of Investigative Psychology 73 Summary 76 Further Reading 77 Questions for Discussion and Research 78 Part II Fundamentals 79A Framework for Studying Criminal Actions and Inferences about Offenders 5 The Radex of Criminality 81 The A¿C Equations 83 The Hierarchy of Criminal Variation 88 A Model of Criminal Variation 96 The Radex of Criminality 111 Development and Change 113 Summary 116 Further Reading 117 Questions for Discussion and Research 118 6 Personal Narratives of Crime 119 The Narratives of Criminality 121 Empirical Study of Criminal Narratives 126 Scripts and Narratives 135 Summary 136 Further Reading 137 Questions for Discussion and Research 137 7 Finding Action Patterns and Drawing Profiles 139 Criminal Actions 140 Salience 144 The Basis for Inferences 148 An Action System of Crime Differentiation 155 The Example of Arson 157 Narratives as Action Systems 160 Forms of Inference: Towards a Narrative Action System Model of Inference 162 Summary 164 Further Reading 165 Questions for Discussion and Research 165 8 Criminal Psychogeography 167 Modelling Criminals' Use of Space 169 The Behavioural Approach and Propinquity 171 The Cognitive Approach and Morphology of Crime Locations 176 Settings for Personal Narratives 181 The Value of Imaginary Maps 186 Temporal Changes 192 Emotionality, Crime Type and Distance 193 Challenges to the Study of Criminal Geography 193 Research Agenda 196 Summary 196 Further Reading 197 Questions for Discussion and Research 197 9 Investigative Information 199 The Challenges of Investigative Information 201 Weaknesses in Identification and Eyewitness Testimony 211 Investigative Interviewing 215 Interview Procedures 217 The Cognitive Interview 218 PACE and PEACE 221 Research Approach to Investigative Information 222 Summary 226 Further Reading 228 Questions for Discussion and Research 229 10 Suspect Interviewing and Deception 231 The People of the Drama: Explanatory Roles in the Investigation of Crime 233 Strengths and Constraints of Investigative Information 233 Suspects 236 Ekman's IEE Approach 237 Psychophysiological Lie Detectors 239 The Reid Approach to Interrogation 240 False Confessions 242 False Allegations 242 Written Accounts 244 Summary 248 Further Reading 248 Questions for Discussion and Research 249 Part III Profiling Criminal Actions 251Models of Offending Behaviour and Applications of Investigative Psychology 11 Acquisitive Crime 253 Differentiating Acquisitive Crime 255 Problems with Typologies 256 Burglary 257 Modelling Burglary 260 Offending Styles: A Narrative Action System for Burglary 262 Robbery 267 Modelling Robbery 270 Modelling Fraud 275 Differentiating Fraud and Fraudsters 276 Narratives of Fraud 283 Summary 284 Further Reading 285 Questions for Discussion and Research 285 12 Sexual Offences 287 The Role of the Victim in Violent Crime 288 Strategies for Destruction of the Person 291 Differentiating Rape 295 Identifying Different Styles of Rape Action 300 Characteristics of Rapists 302 Sexual Assaults on Males 303 Stalking 305 Summary 314 Further Reading 315 Questions for Discussion and Research 315 13 Murder 317 Murder 319 Offending Style in Murder: Understanding the Context of the Encounter 319 Contract Murder 322 Serial Murder 327 Sexual Murder 344 Offender Characteristics 349 Summary 353 Further Reading 353 Questions for Discussion and Research 354 14 Organised Crime 355 The Social Nature of Crime 356 What is Organised Crime? 358 Cultural Ideologies and Criminal Networks 359 Criminal 'Careers' within Criminal 'Organisations' 361 Social Network Analysis 363 Destructive Organisational Psychology 372 Summary 374 Further Reading 374 Questions for Discussion and Research 375 15 Terrorism 377 The Great Variety of Terrorism 378 Difficulties in Studying Terrorists 379 Modes of Terrorism 382 Explanations for Terrorism 384 Terrorism as Process 386 Summary 390 Further Reading 391 Questions for Discussion and Research 391 16 Investigative Psychology in Action 393 Helping the Police with their Enquiries 394 Assessment and Improvement of Investigative Information 395 Decision Support Systems 399 Dragnet and Other Geographical Profiling Systems 404 Linking Cases (Comparative Case Analysis) 408 Emerging Areas of IP 415 Six Fundamentals of IP 418 The Wider Reaches of an Investigative Psychology 424 Conclusions 425 Further Reading 426 Questions for Discussion and Research 426 Glossary 429 References 437 Index 461