Antonin Dvorak (1841 - 1904) Background Antonin Dvorak was born in Nelahozeves, Bohemia, in 1841, son of a butcher. Although his father intended him to learn the family trade, Dvorak showed early talent as a violinist. He was sent to Zlonice at the age of twelve for formal schooling, studying theory with Antonin Liehmann, as well as learning viola, organ, and piano. He studied German at Kamenice in 1855, and after returning to Zlonice to assist his family in the shop, he entered the Prague Organ School in 1857, graduating two years later. Early experiments After a brief period in a band led by Karel Komsak, he became principal viola in the Prague Provisional Theatre Orchestra in 1862. He held this post for seven years, sometimes playing under the direction of the composer Smetana. He also earned money by giving music lessons, and it was while he was teaching the young actress Josefina Cermakova in 1865 that he composed the song cycle Cypress Trees. Consisting of 18 songs, it is a remarkable and often highly progressive work, perhaps inspired by his love for Josefina. He also wrote his First Symphony, subtitled 'The Bells of Zlonice', in the same year. The influence of Richard Wagner is apparent in Dvorak's early works, particularly his first opera Alfred (1870), and the E minor string quartet (1868-69). He first gained wider recognition with the cantata Hymnus (1873), and the Third Symphony (1873), the latter winning the Austrian State Stipendium in 1875. His success as a composer allowed him to give up orchestral playing and marry Anna Cermakova, Josefina's younger sister. Mature conservatism By the end of the 1870s, Dvorak's early radicalism had been moderated by the influence of Johannes Brahms, champion of German musical conservatism and arch-enemy of Wagner. Brahms was on the jury of the Austrian Stipendium, and recommended Dvorak's music to the publisher Simrock. Works such as the Fifth Symphony (1875) reflect his new-found interest in Brahmsian Classicism, and the Slavonic Dances (1878) show the emergence of his Czech nationalist style which was to become his most distinctive characteristic. In 1884, Dvorak visited England for the first time, where he conducted his Stabat Mater, which was a great success. He composed several works for choral societies in Birmingham and Leeds, including the cantata The Spectre's Bride (1885), the oratorio St Ludmila (1886), and the Requiem (1891). He also wrote his Seventh (1885) and Eighth (188) Symphonies for the Royal Philharmonic Society. Academic recognition Dvorak was becoming an internationally respected composer. He received an honorary doctorate from Cambridge University in 1891, and in the same year was appointed professor of composition at the Prague Conservatory. In 1892, he moved to America to become director of the recently founded National Conservatorium of Music in New York. Although he spent much of his time there teaching, he managed to write some of his most popular music - most notably the Ninth Symphony, 'From the New World', his most famous work. It contains many highly memorable American folksong-inspired melodies, held together in a tight, well-argued symphonic structure. Other works from this period include the String Quartet in F major 'The American' (1893), the Biblical Songs (1894), and the Cello Concerto (1895). In 1895, Dvorak returned to his beloved Czechoslovakia and resumed teaching at the Prague Conservatory, of which he became director in 1901. His last works include the underrated operas The Devil and Kate (1899) and Rusalka (1900). He died in Prague, 1904. Dvorak's distinctive style combines Czechoslovakian and American folk influences with strongly Germanic elements - particularly Brahmsian structure and Wagnerian harmony. He was a master of orchestration, who made full use of the capabilities of the standard 19th-century orchestra, and his symphonies are among the finest examples of the genre. Czech composers of the 20th-century, particul