Dr Graham Swinerd is a Reader in Astronautics within the School of Engineering Sciences at the University of Southampton where he teaches courses in aerospace design, spacecraft systems design and astronautics. Prior to joining Southampton in 1987 he was employed by British Aerospace Space Systems, Stevenage. His research interests include orbit dynamics, space mission analysis, spacecraft attitude dynamics and control and space systems engineering.

Professor John Stark joined QMUL as Professor of Aerospace Engineering in 1992. This followed previous appointments at UMIST as a lecturer (1980/83), at Southampton in the Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics (1983/90) as a senior lecturer, and then an executive post at BAe Space Systems Ltd (1990/92). He has served as Head of Department at QMUL from 1992 to 1999, and 2003 to date. He teaches courses in the principles of spacecraft engineering, spacecraft design and space mission engineering, and his areas of expertise include electrospray technology, spacecraft propulsion, spacecraft design and direct printing.

Peter Fortescue retired as a Professor in the Astronautics Group, Department of Engineering Sciences at Southampton University in 1989.

List of Contributors xiii Preface to the Fourth Edition xv Preface to the Third Edition xix Preface to the Second Edition xxi Preface to the First Edition xxiii List of Acronyms xxv 1 INTRODUCTIONJohn P. W. Stark, Graham G. Swinerd and Adrian R. L. Tatnall 1.1 Payloads and Missions 3 1.2 A System View of Spacecraft 4 1.3 The Future 9 2 THE SPACECRAFT ENVIRONMENT AND ITS EFFECT ON DESIGNJohn P. W. Stark 2.1 Introduction 11 2.2 Pre-Operational Spacecraft Environments 11 2.3 Operational Spacecraft Environments 17 2.4 Environmental Effects on Design 40 3 DYNAMICS OF SPACECRAFTPeter W. Fortescue and Graham G. Swinerd 3.1 Introduction 49 3.2 Trajectory Dynamics 51 3.3 General Attitude Dynamics 58 3.4 Attitude Motion of Specific Types of Spacecraft 63 3.5 Oscillatory Modes 71 3.6 In Conclusion 73 Appendix: The Inertia Matrix 73 4 CELESTIAL MECHANICSJohn P. W. Stark, Graham G. Swinerd and Peter W. Fortescue 4.1 Introduction 79 4.2 The Two-body Problem-Particle Dynamics 81 4.3 Specifying the Orbit 92 4.4 Orbit Perturbations 93 4.5 Restricted Three-body Problem 106 5 MISSION ANALYSISJohn P. W. Stark and Graham G. Swinerd 5.1 Introduction 111 5.2 Keplerian Orbit Transfers 114 5.3 Mission Analysis 116 5.4 Polar LEO/Remote-Sensing Satellites 122 5.5 Satellite Constellations 127 5.6 Geostationary Earth Orbits (GEO) 133 5.7 Highly Elliptic Orbits 143 5.8 Interplanetary Missions 147 6 PROPULSION SYSTEMSJ. Barrie Moss and John P. W. Stark 6.1 Systems Classification 177 6.2 Chemical Rockets 180 6.3 Spacecraft Propulsion 202 6.4 Electric Propulsion 206 7 LAUNCH VEHICLESJ. Barrie Moss and Graham E. Dorrington 7.1 Introduction 221 7.2 Basic Launch Vehicle Performance and Operation 222 7.3 Spacecraft Launch Phases and Mission Planning 231 7.4 The Ariane 5 Launch Vehicle 236 7.5 US Crewed Launch Systems 239 7.6 Small Launchers and Reusable Sub-Orbital Vehicles 242 7.7 Re-Entry into Earth's Atmosphere 244 7.8 Specific Launch Costs and Reliability 247 8 SPACECRAFT STRUCTURESJohn M. Houghton 8.1 Introduction 251 8.2 Design Requirements 251 8.3 Material Selection 256 8.4 Analysis 263 8.5 Design Verification 274 8.6 Impact Protection 276 8.7 Configuration Examples 278 8.8 The Future of Space Structures 285 9 ATTITUDE CONTROLPeter W. Fortescue and Graham G. Swinerd 9.1 Introduction 289 9.2 ACS Overview 290 9.3 The Spacecraft Attitude Response 294 9.4 Torques and Torquers 301 9.5 Attitude Measurement 309 9.6 ACS Computation 321 10 ELECTRICAL POWER SYSTEMSJohn P. W. Stark 10.1 Introduction 327 10.2 Power System Elements 328 10.3 Primary Power Systems 330 10.4 Secondary Power Systems: Batteries 345 10.5 Power Management, Distribution and Control 347 10.6 Power Budget 350 11 THERMAL CONTROL OF SPACECRAFTChris J. Savage 11.1 Introduction 357 11.2 The Thermal Environment 358 11.3 Thermal Balance 362 11.4 Thermal Analysis 366 11.5 Thermal Design 371 11.6 Thermal Technology 375 11.7 Thermal Design Verification 386 11.8 Example of Satellite Thermal Design-XMM/Newton 390 12 TELECOMMUNICATIONSRay E. Sheriff and Adrian R. L. Tatnall 12.1 Introduction 395 12.2 Techniques of Radio Communications 400 12.3 The Communications Payload 422 12.4 Conclusion 436 13 TELEMETRY, COMMAND, DATA HANDLING AND PROCESSINGNigel P. Fillery and David Stanton 13.1 Introduction 439 13.2 System Architecture 440 13.3 Telemetry Data Formatting 442 13.4 Telecommand 449 13.5 Communication Techniques and Protocols 455 13.6 On-Board Data Handling (OBDH) and Processing 458 13.7 Technology 464 13.8 Tools and Controlling Documents 466 14 GROUND SEGMENTFranck Chatel 14.1 Introduction 467 14.2 The Ground Station 468 14.3 Flight Dynamics 475 14.4 The Ground Data System 480 14.5 The Flight Operations System 483 15 SPACECRAFT MECHANISMSGuglielmo S. Aglietti 15.1 Introduction 495 15.2 One-Shot Devices 497 15.3 Continuously and Intermittently Operating Devices 507 15.4 Components 513 15.5 Materials 520 15.6 Tribology 521 15.7 Testing and Verification 523 15.8 Conclusion 524 16 SPACECRAFT ELECTROMAGNETIC COMPATIBILITY ENGINEERINGKen M. Redford 16.1 Introduction 527 16.2 Examples of EMC Problems 528 16.3 EMC Specifications 528 16.4 Electromagnetic Compatibility-Terms and Definitions 529 16.5 EMC Fundamentals 530 16.6 The Systems Approach to EMC 531 16.7 EMC Categories 531 16.8 Electrostatic Discharge 535 16.9 Spacecraft Grounding Schemes 536 16.10 Major Causes of Spacecraft EMC Problems 541 16.11 Analysis Methods for Spacecraft EMC Engineering 542 17 ASSEMBLY, INTEGRATION AND VERIFICATIONTerry Ransome 17.1 Introduction 545 17.2 Some Definitions 545 17.3 The Verification Plan 547 17.4 Relationship between Analysis and Test 551 17.5 The AIV Plan 552 17.6 Testing: General 553 17.7 Test Types 557 17.8 Model Philosophy 561 17.9 Build Standards and Applications 564 17.10 Ground Support Equipment 567 17.11 Checkpoints in the AIV Programme 571 17.12 Verification Closeout 572 17.13 Launch Preparation 572 17.14 Conclusion 573 18 SMALL SATELLITE ENGINEERING AND APPLICATIONSMartin N. Sweeting and Craig I. Underwood 18.1 Introduction 575 18.2 Small Satellite Design Philosophy 579 18.3 Small Satellite System Design 580 18.4 COTS Components in the Space Environment 583 18.5 Microsatellite Platforms 587 18.6 Minisatellite Platforms 590 18.7 Nanosatellite Platforms 590 18.8 Affordable Launches for Small Satellites 592 18.9 In-Orbit Operations 594 18.10 Small Satellite Applications 597 18.11 Picosatellites and Recent Advances in Miniaturization 603 18.12 Conclusion 604 19 PRODUCT ASSURANCEGeoffrey Hall 19.1 Introduction 607 19.2 Product Assurance in a Project 609 19.3 Reliability/Dependability 613 19.4 Parts 618 19.5 Materials and Processes 622 19.6 Product Assurance in Manufacturing, AI&V 626 19.7 Safety 634 19.8 Product Assurance in Operations 637 19.9 Software Product Assurance 638 19.10 PA in Technology Developments 640 19.11 The Assurance Message 642 20 SPACECRAFT SYSTEM ENGINEERINGAdrian R. L. Tatnall, John B. Farrow, Massimo Bandecchi and C. Richard Francis 20.1 Introduction 643 20.2 System Engineering 644 20.3 Concurrent Engineering 654 20.4 A Case Study: Cryosat 667 20.5 Conclusion 678 Index 679