1. Utility models and other forms of sub-patent protection Jorge L. Contreras, Martin Husovec and Matthew Rimmer; 2. Overview of Worldwide utility model filings, litigation and activity Daniel Cahoy, Jorge L. Contreras and Lynda Oswald; 3. The rise and fall of the United Kingdom's forgotten utility model: the utility designs act 1843 Lionel Bently and Brad Sherman; 4. Utility models in Danish law Tine Sommer, Timo Minssen and Jens Schovsbo; 5. Utility models in French law Thibault Gisclard; 6. Utility models in Germany and Switzerland Peter Georg Picht and Marian Weber; 7. Utility models in Italy Alessandro Cogo and Marco Ricolfi; 8. Utility model protection in Poland: in search of a regulatory framework capable of incentivizing innovation Rafä Sikorski; 9. Key performance indicators for utility model systems: an application to Finland Jussi T. S. Heikkilä; 10. Reinventing the wheel: the rise and fall of the Australian innovation patent Matthew Rimmer; 11. China's utility model patent legal system: past, present, and future Yu Yang; 12. Utility models in Japan Masabumi Suzuki; 13. Utility models in Korea Sang Jo Jong; 14. Utility models in Brazil Luca Schirru and Maikon Oliveira; 15. Utility models in Kenya Isaac Rutenberg; 16. The debate over second tier patent protection in the United States Jorge L. Contreras and Mark D. Janis; 17. The unitary patent system and utility models Lisa van Dongen, Timo Minssen and Tine Sommer; 18. Treatment of utility models as standards-essential patents Jorge L. Contreras and Magnus Buggenhagen; 19. Navigating incomplete harmonization: businesses and the utility model environment Daniel R. Cahoy and Lynda J. Oswald; 20. Utility models and the European Union: a fresh look at the need for harmonisation Martin Stierle; 21. Heterogeneities in utility model accessibility: impacts over time and around the world Dan Prud'homme; 22. Utility models and innovation in low-income economies Uma Suthersanen; Bibliography.