Elisabeth Braw is a senior fellow at the American Enterprise Institute(AEI), where she focuses on defense against emerging national security challenges, such as hybrid and gray-zone threats. She is also a columnist with Foreign Policy, where she writes on national security and the globalized economy, and a member of the UK's National Preparedness Commission. Before joining AEI, Braw was a senior research fellow at the Royal United Services Institute for Defense and Security Studies in London, where she founded its modern deterrence project. She has also been an associate fellow at the European Leadership Network, a senior fellow at the Atlantic Council, and a senior consultant at Control Risks, a global risk consultancy. Braw started her career as a journalist working for Swedish newspapers and has reported on Europe for publications such as the Christian Science Monitor and Newsweek. She is often published in the Economist, Foreign Affairs, the Times, and the Wall Street Journal, among other publications. She is also the author of God's Spies: The Stasi's Cold War Espionage Campaign Inside the Church (William B. Eerdmans, 2019). A frequent speaker at national security and business conferences, Braw often appears on various international media.

Introduction

I. Defining and Identifying Gray-Zone Aggression

II. 2014: A Decisive Year

III. Gray-Zone Aggression, a National Security Threat

IV. Is Sponsorship an Act of Aggression? Use of Licit Means in the Gray Zone

V. Subversive Economics: When Business as Usual Enters the Gray Zone

VI. Coercion, Bullying, and Subversion of Civil Society

VII. Gradual Border Alterations and Surreptitious Fishing: Use of Illicit Means

VIII. Producing Fear in the Enemy's Mind: Adapting Cold War Deterrence for Gray-Zone Aggression

IX. Cold War Swedish and Finnish Total Defense as Deterrence

X. Building a Wall of Denial Against Gray-Zone Aggression

XI. Deterrence by Punishment

Concluding Reflections

Notes

About the Author

Index