Part I. Political Development: 1. Introduction: sources and interpretation Rosamond McKitterick; 2. The British Isles a) England 700-900 Simon Keynes; The British Isles b) Ireland, Wales and Scotland, c.700 to the early eleventh century Donnchadh O Corrain; The British Isles c) England and the Continent Rosamond McKitterick; 3. Frankish Gaul to 814 Paul Fouracre; 4. The Frankish kingdoms 814-898: the west Janet L. Nelson; 5. The Frankish kingdoms 817-911: the east and middle kingdoms Johannes Fried; 6. Fines imperii: the marches Julia M. H. Smith; 7. The Vikings in Francia and Anglo-Saxon England to 911 Simon Coupland; 8. Scandinavia, c.700-1066 Neils Lund; 9. Slavs and Bulgars Jonathan Shepard; 10. The Muslims in Europe Hugh Kennedy; 11. Spain: the northern kingdoms and the Basques, 711-910 Roger Collins; 12. Lombard and Carolingian Italy Paolo Delogu; 13. Byzantine Italy, c.680-c.876 T. S. Brown; 14. Byzantium and the West Michael McCormick; Part II. Government and Institutions: 15. Kingship and royal government Janet L. Nelson; 16. The aristocracy Stuart Airlie; 17. Social and military institutions Hans-Werner Goetz; 18. Economic organization Adriaan Verhulst; 19. Rural Society in Carolingian Europe C. J. Wickham; 20. Money and coinage Mark Blackburn; Part III. Church and Society: 21. The papacy in the eighth and ninth centuries Thomas F. X. Noble; 22. The organisation, law and liturgy of the western church, 700-900 Roger E. Reynolds; 23. Carolingian monasticism: the power of prayer Mayke de Jong; 24. Religion and lay society Julia M. H. Smith; Part IV. Cultural and Intellectual Developments: 25. Eighth-century foundations Rosamond McKitterick; 26. Language and communication in Carolingian Europe Michel Banniard; 27. The Carolingian Renaissance: education and literary culture John J. Contreni; 28. Theology and the organisation of thought David Ganz; 29. Book production in the Carolingian empire and the spread of Caroline minuscule David Ganz; 30. Art and architecture Laurence Nees; Conclusion Rosamond McKitterick