Professor Fionnuala Ní Aoláin holds both the Regents Professorship at the University of Minnesota, and Robina Chair in Law, Public Policy and Society at the University of Minnesota Law School and is Professor of Law at the University of Ulster's Transitional Justice Institute in Belfast, Northern Ireland. In 2003, she was appointed by the Secretary-General of the United Nations as Special Expert on promoting gender equality in times of conflict and peace-making. In 2011, she completed a Study on Reparations for Conflict Related Sexual Violence for the OHCHR and UN WOMEN. She has served as an Expert Consultant for the International Criminal Court and the Council of Europe. Her book Law in Times of Crisis was awarded the American Society of International Law's preeminent prize in 2007 - the Certificate of Merit for creative scholarship.

Naomi Cahn is Justice Anthony M. Kennedy Distinguished Professor of Law and Nancy L. Buc '69 Research Professor in Democracy and Equity at

University of Virginia School of Law. She has written numerous law review articles and books in the areas of family law, international law, and domestic violence, including On the Frontlines: Gender, War, and the Post-Conflict Process (co-authored with Professors Fionnuala Ní Aoláin and Dina Haynes (OUP 2011)). Professor Cahn has been a long-time member of the Executive Committee of the Women in International Law Interest Group (WILIG) of the American Society of International Law. From 2002 to 2004, Professor Cahn was on leave in Kinshasa, Congo where she worked on issues concerning international criminal justice and sexual violence.

Dina Francesca Haynes is Professor of Law at New England Law

international organizations (Director General of the Human Rights Department for the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) in Bosnia-Herzegovina, Human Rights Advisor to the OSCE in Serbia and Montenegro, Protection Officer with the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees) and has received assignments with the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights. Professor Haynes was also an attorney for the United States Department of Justice and clerked on the Constitutional Court of South Africa. She researches, writes, and engages in policy work and legal advocacy in the areas of human trafficking, international organizations, post-conflict reconstruction, human rights law, immigration, refugee law and migration.

Nahla Valji is the Senior Gender Adviser in the United Nations' Executive Office of the Secretary-General. Prior to this she was the Acting Chief/ Deputy Chief of the Peace and Security section in UN Women's headquarters in New York, where she led f the

organization's work on peacekeeping, peace negotiations, transitional justice, and rule of law, involving both global programming and policy work, particularly with regards to the Security Council. She headed the Secretariat for the Global Study on implementation of resolution 1325, a comprehensive study requested by the Security Council for the 15-year review of women, peace and security and was the founder and editor of the International Journal of Transitional Justice published by Oxford University Press. Prior to joining the UN, Nahla worked in South Africa, where she led the regional transitional justice work of the Centre for the Study of Violence and Reconciliation and managed the African Transitional Justice Research Network.

• Acknowledgments


• Editors and Contributors Biographies


• Forewords


• Introduction


• I. Background and Context


• 1. Theories of War


• Laura Sjoberg


• 2. From Women and War to Gender and Conflict? Feminist Trajectories


• Dubravka Zarkov


• 3. The Silences in the Rules that Regulate Women during Times of Armed Conflict


• Judith Gardam


• 4. How Should we Explain the Recurrence of Violent Conflict, and What Might Gender Have to do with it?


• Judy El-Bushra


• 5. The Gendered Nexus Between Conflict and Citizenship in Historical Perspective


• Jo Butterfield and Elizabeth Heineman


• 6. Violent Conflict and Changes in Gender Economic Roles: Implications for Post-Conflict Economic Recovery


• Patricia Justino


• 7. Men As Victims


• Chris Dolan


• II. The Security Council's WPS Agenda/Contemporary Survey


• 8. Women, Peace and Security: A Critical Analysis of the Security Council's Vision


• Dianne Otto


• 9. Participation and Protection: Security Council Dynamics, Bureaucratic Politics and the Evolution of the Women, Peace and Security Agenda


• Anne Marie Goetz and Rob Jenkins


• 10. A Critical Genealogy of the Centrality of Sexual Violence to Gender and Conflict


• Karen Engle


• 11. 1325 +15 = Reflections on the Women, Peace and Security Agenda


• Kimberly Theidon


• 12. Complemenentarity and Convergence? Women, Peace and Security and the Counterterrorism Agenda


• Naureen Chowdhury Fink and Alison Davidian


• 13. Convergence Between CEDAW and Security Council Resolution 1325: Unlocking the Potential of CEDAW as an Important Accountability Tool for the Women, Peace and Security Agenda


• Pramilla Patten


• 14. Indicators and Benchmarks


• Pablo Castillo-Diaz and Hanny Cueva-Beteta


• III. Legal and Political Elements


• 15. Humanitarian Intervention and Gender Dynamics


• Gina Heathcote


• 16. (Re)Considering the Gender Jurisprudence of Conflict


• Patricia Viseur Sellers


• 17. Complementarity as a Catalyst for Gender Justice in National Prosecutions


• Amrita Kapur


• 18. Forced Marriage During Conflict and Mass Atrocity


• Valerie Oosterveld


• 19. Advancing Justice and Making Amends through Reparations - Legal and Operational Considerations


• Kristin Kalla


• 20. Colonialism


• Amina Mama


• 21. Conflict, Displacement and Refugees


• Lucy Hovil


• 22. Gender and Forms of Conflict; The Moral Hazards of Dating the Security Council


• Vasuki Nesiah


• IV. Conflict and Post-Conflict Space


• 23. The Martial Rape of Girls and Women in Antiquity and Modernity


• Kathy L. Gaca


• 24. "Mind the Gap:" Measuring and Understanding Gendered Conflict Experiences


• Amelia Hoover Green


• 25. Intersectionality: Working in Conflict


• Eilish Rooney


• 26. Agency and Gender Norms in War Economies


• Patti Petesch


• 27. Risk and Resilience: The Physical and Mental Health of Female Civilians During War


• Lauren C. Ng and Theresa S. Betancourt


• 28. The Gender Implications of Small Arms and Light Weapons in Conflict Situations


• Barbara Frey


• 29. Unmanned Weapons: Looking for the Gender Dimension


• Christof Heyns and Tess Borden


• 30. Gender and Peacekeeping


• Sabrina Karim and Marsha Henry


• 31. Peacekeeping, Human Trafficking, and Sexual Abuse and Exploitation


• Martina Vandenberg


• 32. Women, Peace Negotiations and Peace Agreements: Opportunities and Challenges


• Christine Bell


• 33. Women's Organizations and Peace Initiatives


• Aili Mari Tripp


• 34. Gender and Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration: Reviewing and Advancing the Field


• Dyan Mazurana, Roxanne Krystalli and Anton Baaré


• 35. Decolonial feminism, gender and transitional justice


• Pascha Bueno-Hansen


• 36. Gender and Governance in post-conflict and democratizing settings


• Lisa Kindervater and Sheila Meintjes


• V. Case Studies


• 37. Who Defines the Red Lines? The Prospects for Safeguarding Women's Rights and Securing their Future in Post-Transition Afghanistan


• Sari Kouvo and Corey Levine


• 38. "That's Not my Daughter": The Paradoxes of Documenting Jihadist Mass Rape in 1990's Algeria and Beyond


• Karima Bennoune


• 39. Consequences of Conflict Related Sexual Violence on Post-Conflict Society: Case Study of Bosnia and Herzegovina


• Lejla Hadzimesic


• 40. Colombia: Gender and Land Restitution


• Donny Meertens


• 41. Knowing Gender and/in Armed Conflict?: Reflections from Research in the DRC


• Maria Eriksson Baaz and Maria Stern


• 42. Northern Ireland: The Significance of A Bottom Up Women's Movement in a Politically Contested Society


• Monica McWilliams and Avila Kilmurray


• 43. Gendered Suffering and the Eviction of the Native: The Politics of Birth in Occupied East Jerusalem


• Nadera Shalhoub-Kevorkian


• 44. Rwanda: Women's Political Participation in Post-Conflict State-Building


• Doris Buss and Jerusa Ali


• 45. Sri Lanka: The Impact of Militarization on Women


• Ambika Satkunanathan