Part I. Introduction: 1. What does a facial expression mean? James A. Russell and José-Miguel Fernández-Dols; 2. Methods for the study of facial behavior Hugh Wagner; Part II. Three Broad Theoretical Frameworks: 3. Emotions and facial expressions: a perspective from differential emotions theory Carroll E. Izard; 4. Facial expressons as modes of action readiness Nico H. Frijda and Anna Tcherkassof; 5. The new ethology of human facial expressions Alan J. Fridlund; Part III. With a Biological and Developmental Focus: 6. Animal sounds and human faces: do they have anything in common? Peter Marler and Cristopher Evans; 7. Yawns, laughs, smiles, tickles and talking: naturalistic and laboratory studies of facial action and social communication Robert R. Provine; 8. A neurobehavioral approach to the recognition of facial expressions in infancy Charles A. Nelson and Michelle de Haan; 9. A dynamic systems approach to infant facial action Daniel S. Messinger, Alan Fogel and K. Laurie Dickson; Part IV. With a Psychological and Social Focus: 10. A componential approach to the meaning of facial expressions Craig A. Smith and Heather S. Scott; 11. Spontaneous facial behavior during intense emotional episodes: artistic truth and optical truth José-Miguel Fernández-Dols and Maria-Angeles Ruiz-Belda; 12. Is the meaning perceived in facial expression independent of its context José-Miguel Fernández-Dols and James M. Carroll; 13 Reading emotions from and into faces: resurrecting a dimensional-contextual approach James A. Russell; 14. Facing others: a social communicative perspective on facial displays Nicole Chovil; 15. Faces in dialogue Janet Beavin and Nicole Chovil; Part V. Integrative Summary: 16. Faces: an epilogue and reconceptualization G. P. Ginsburg.