Barbara C. Allen is Associate Professor of History at La Salle University. She has published Alexander Shlyapnikov, 1885-1937: Life of an Old Bolshevik (Haymarket, 2016) and Leaflets of the Russian Revolution (Haymarket, 2018).

Acknowledgements

Explanatory Notes

Abbreviations and Acronyms

Introduction

1 Background to the Trade Union Debate, March 1919–Autumn 1920: The Workers’ Opposition in Formation

 1  Economic section of RCP(b) programme, point 5, adopted at the Eighth Congress of the RCP(b), March 1919

 2  A.G. Shliapnikov, ‘Specialists’

 3  A.G. Shliapnikov, ‘Wages and Labour Productivity’

 4  A.G. Shliapnikov, ‘Production and Productivity’

 5  A.G. Shliapnikov, ‘Industrial Productivity’

 6  A.G. Shliapnikov’s report to a meeting of the All-Russian Metalworkers’ Union (VSRM) central committee, the All-Russian Central Council of Trade Unions (VTsSPS), and other union personnel, Autumn 1919

 7  A.G. Shliapnikov, ‘Tasks of the Russian Proletariat’s Economic Organisations’

 8  A.M. Kollontai’s diary notes, January–February 1920

 9  Speeches by [...]. Lutovinov and A.S. Kiselev at the Ninth Congress of the RCP(b), March–April 1920

 10  A.G. Shliapnikov, ‘Relations between the Russian Communist Party, the Soviets, and Production Unions’

 11  Speeches by [...]. Lutovinov, S.P. Medvedev, I.I. Kutuzov, and A.M. Kollontai at the Ninth Conference of the RCP(b), September 1920

 12  [...]. Lutovinov’s proposals to the Ninth Conference of the RCP(b), September 1920

 13  N. Kopylov, ‘That Which Needs to be Destroyed: “Higher-ups” and “Rank-and-File” ’

 14  A.M. Kollontai’s diary notes, circa October 1920

 15  Theses presented to some party cells and to the central committee of the All-Russian Metalworkers’ Union in the autumn of 1920

 16  [...]. Lutovinov, Letter to Ukrainian Comrades, 23 October 1920

 17  Remarks by I.N. Perepechko, Antonov, and G.E. Zinoviev at the Fifth Conference of the Communist Party (Bolshevik) of Ukraine (CP(b)U), 17–22 November 1920, Kharkov

 18  Letter from G.E. Zinoviev to I.N. Perepechko, 26 November 1920, with excerpts from Perepechko’s letter to Zinoviev

 19  A.G. Shliapnikov, ‘Tasks of Workers’ Unions’

 20  Circular of the All-Russian Union of Metalworkers Communist Faction Bureau about organising party cells in the provinces, Moscow, 16 December 1920

2 The Trade Union Discussion, December 1920–March 1921: The Workers’ Opposition as a Fully-Formed Legal Faction

 1  A.G. Shliapnikov’s speech at the Eighth Congress of Soviets, Moscow, 30 December 1920

 2  Theses of the Workers’ Opposition: Tasks of Trade Unions

 3  [...]. Lutovinov, Report to the All-Russian Trade Union Council (VTsSPS) on the work of the November–December 1920 trade union commission

 4  A.G. Shliapnikov, ‘Economic Organisation and Unions’ Tasks: For Discussion’

 5  A.M. Kollontai, ‘Time to Analyse’

 6  A.M. Kollontai’s corrections to the Theses on Party Building

 7  A.G. Shliapnikov, ‘Our Intraparty Disagreements’

 8  A.G. Shliapnikov’s speeches to the Communist Faction of the Second All-Russian Congress of Mineworkers

 9  N. Kopylov, ‘Mistake or Urgent Task?’

 10  N.M. Tikhonravov, Supplement to the Theses of the Workers’ Opposition about the Tasks of Trade Unions

 11  Polosatov’s and Kuznetsov’s speeches at the Fourth CP(b)U Conference of Donetsk gubernia, 16–18 February 1921

 12  Documents from Samara about the debates over party building, culture, and the tasks of trade unions, February 1921

 13  Iu.K. Milonov, ‘Theses: the Content of our Cultural Work’, Eighth Samara Gubernia RCP(b) Conference

 14  Iu.K. Milonov, ‘Trade Unions and their Role in the Economic life of the Country: Theses of a Report to the Eighth Samara Gubernia Conference of the RCP(b)’

 15  Speeches, Resolutions, Materials, and Declarations Relating to the Workers’ Opposition at the Tenth Party Congress, March 1921

 16  Iu.K. Milonov, ‘Assembly of Former Underground Party Members during the Tenth Party Congress’

3 From the Ban on Factions through the Eleventh Party Congress, 1921–2: Former Worker Oppositionists Respond to the New Economic Policy and to Repression Against Them

 1  A.M. Kollontai’s diary entries, March–April 1921

 2  Appeals of the Worker-Peasant Socialist Party led by Vasily Paniushkin, early 1921

 3  A.G. Shliapnikov, ‘To the Fourth Congress of the All-Russian Metalworkers’ Union (VSRM)’

 4  A.G. Shliapnikov, ‘Our Economic Policy and Practice’

 5  Speeches protesting party appointment of Metalworkers’ Union leaders; protocols of the RCP CC’s commission, the bureau of the communist faction, and the communist faction of the congress; and other materials relating to the Fourth Congress of the Metalworkers’ Union in May 1921

 6  A.M. Kollontai’s speech to the Third Comintern Congress, 5 June 1921

 7  A.M. Kollontai’s diary entries, July–August 1921

 8  Letter from A.G. Shliapnikov to S.P. Medvedev, 28 June 1921

 9  Letter from A.G. Shliapnikov and S.P. Medvedev to the Politburo and VTsSPS, July 1921, protesting VSNKh decrees

 10  Letter from [A.G. Shliapnikov] to comrade [N.S] Mamchenko, 6 July 1921

 11  Letter from F.A. Mitin to S.P. Medvedev, summer 1921

 12  Letter from A.G. Shliapnikov to F.A. Mitin

 13  Protocol and resolution from a meeting of RCP(b) members who had belonged to the Workers’ Opposition, 8 July 1921

 14  Resolution offered by Aleksei Sovetov to the delegates’ assembly of the Bauman district RCP(b) organisation, 29 July 1921

 15  Letter received by Ukrainian comrades in 1921 from a former member of the Workers’ Opposition, perhaps Ivan Perepechko

 16  Letter from Levit of the Kommunistische Arbeiter-Partei Deutschlands (KAPD) to A.G. Shliapnikov, 30 August 1921, and Shliapnikov’s signed response, 31 August 1921

 17  Excerpts from speeches at the All-Russian Union of Metalworkers central committee plenum, 17–21 October 1921

 18  [...]. Lutovinov’s speech to the Eleventh Party Conference, 19–22 December 1921, and related party documents

 19  Undated minutes from a meeting of the Workers’ Opposition or the 22

 20  A.G. Shliapnikov’s letter to the Politburo about the Genoa conference, February 1922

 21  Protocol of a 10 February 1922 meeting of a group of 25 delegates to the Fifth All-Russian Congress of Metalworkers and other minutes from meetings of those who would sign the Letter of the 22

 22  Letter of the 22 to the Comintern, signed by Shliapnikov, Kollontai, et al.

 23  Comparison of those signing the Letter of the 22 and the theses of the Workers’ Opposition

 24  Selected Speeches at the Meeting of the RCP(b) Faction of the Fifth Congress of the Metalworkers’ Union, 2–7 March 1922

 25  Letter from Z.L. Shadurskaia to the Politburo, 8 March 1922

 26  Letter from S.P. Medvedev to the Orgburo, 9 March 1922

 27  A.G. Shliapnikov’s correspondence regarding the 22, March 1922

 28  Party Central Control Commission (CCC) questioning of the 22, 17 March 1922

 29  Letter from V.L. Paniushkin in support of Shliapnikov and Medvedev, on the eve of the Eleventh Party Congress

 30  N. Kopylov, ‘For a United Party’

 31  Eleventh Congress of the RCP(b), March–April 1922, Published Speeches at Open Sessions, Unpublished Speeches at 2 April 1922 Closed Session, Published Resolution and other Materials Relating to the Former Workers’ Opposition

 32  A.M. Kollontai’s diary entries on the appeal of the 22 and on the Eleventh Party Congress

 33  Letter from A.M. Kollontai to the Comintern Executive Committee, copying the Politburo

 34  Letter from A.M. Kollontai to the editorial board of the ‘Communist Worker Newspaper’ of Germany, requesting that it cease publication of her brochure, Rabochaia Oppozitsiia, 22 September 1921

 35  Iu.K. Milonov, ‘On the Way to a Worker Encyclopedia: Instead of a Preface’

4 Former Worker Oppositionists in the Debates of the NEP Era and During the First Five-Year Plan, 1922–30

 1  Letter from S.P. Medvedev in Berlin to A.G. Shliapnikov in Moscow, 26 September 1922

 2  [...]. Lutovinov’s speech at the Twelfth RCP(b) Congress, 17–25 April 1923

 3  S.P. Medvedev’s notes from 6 December 1923, possibly from a private talk given in Moscow by an unidentified German communist

 4  N.A. Kubiak’s speech to the Thirteenth Party Conference, 17 January 1924

 5  A.G. Shliapnikov, ‘Our Differences’, Pravda, 18 January 1924

 6  Resolution proposed by A.G. Shliapnikov and others from the former Workers’ Opposition, [January] 1924

 7  A.G. Shliapnikov’s speeches at the Second Khamovniki District Party Conference, Moscow, 7–10 January 1924

 8  S.P. Medvedev, ‘Letter to a Baku Comrade’, 1924

 9  Letter from S.P. Medvedev in Moscow to A.G. Shliapnikov in France, written 27 December 1924, and A.G. Shliapnikov’s answering letter, dated 7 January 1925, written in Paris

 10  A.G. Shliapnikov, ‘Features of the Current Moment: About Results of the Fourteenth Party Conference’, with S.P. Medvedev’s suggested changes, May 1925

 11  A.M. Kollontai’s diary notes, February 1926 and November [1927]

 12  Letter from I.I. Nikolaenko, Kiev [to A.G. Shliapnikov and S.P. Medvedev], circa 1926

 13  Letter from A.G. Shliapnikov, Moscow, to [I.I. Nikolaenko], 12 May 1926

 14  A.G. Shliapnikov, ‘About a Demonstrative Attack and the Rightist Danger in the Party’

 15  Letter from A.G. Shliapnikov and S.P. Medvedev to the CCC Presidium and the Politburo of the CC VKP(b), 17 September 1926

 16  Letters from A.G. Shliapnikov and S.P. Medvedev to the Politburo, CC and CCC VKP(b), October 1926

 17  A.G. Shliapnikov, ‘Letter to the Editor’

 18  Undated letter from unknown person (perhaps Mariia Trifonova), to Shliapnikov...