This pioneering study charts the one-way traffic of cultural and historical objects during five centuries of European colonialism. It presents abundant examples of disappeared colonial objects and systematises these into war booty, confiscations by missionaries and contestable acquisitions by private persons and other categories. Former colonies consider this as a historical injustice that has not been undone.
Former colonial powers have kept most of the objects in their custody. In the 1970s the Netherlands and Belgium returned objects to their former colonies Indonesia and DR Congo; but their number was considerably smaller than what had been asked for. Nigeriäs requests for the return of some Benin objects, confiscated by British soldiers in 1897, are rejected.
As there is no consensus on how to deal with colonial objects, disputes about other categories of contestable objects are analysed. For Nazi-looted art-works, the 1998 Washington Conference Principles have been widely accepted. Although non-binding, they promote fair and just solutions and help people to reclaim art works that they lost involuntarily.
To promote solutions for colonial objects, Principles for Dealing with Colonial Cultural and Historical Objects are presented, based on the 1998 Washington Conference Principles on Nazi-Confiscated Art. They are part of a model to facilitate mediation in disputes about them.
Europe, the former colonisers, should do more pro-active provenance research into the acquisitions from the colonial era, both in public institutions and private collections.
¿This is a very commendable treatise which has painstakingly and with detachment explored the emotive issue of the return of cultural objects removed in colonial times to the metropolis. He has looked at the issues from every continent with clarity and perspicuity.¿
Prof. Folarin Shyllon (University of Ibadan)
¿A monumental work of high quality. The Chapter on Congo is particularly well documented and instructive.¿
Dr. Guido Gryseels (Director-General of the Royal Museum for Central Africa in Tervuren)
CLUES is an international scientific series covering research in the field of culture, history and heritage which have been written by, or were performed under the supervision of members of the research institute CLUE+.
Contents
Part I: Introduction
Chapter 1: A neglected issue in an evolving world
Chapter 2: On colonial cultural objects
Part II: Colonialism and cultural objects
Chapter 3: Colonial expansion
Chapter 4: Settler and exploitation colonialism
Chapter 5: Decolonisation, the first claims and the ongoing seepage of objects
Part III: Colonial cultural objects and the law
Chapter 6: Increasing protection?
Part IV: Ambiguities between the Netherlands and Indonesia
Chapter 7: The 1975 Joint Recommendations
Chapter 8: New insights into the Joint Recommendations
Part V: Approaches in other bilateral agreements
Chapter 9: The 1970 agreement between Belgium and Congo
Chapter 10: Nordic model for Denmark, Iceland and Greenland?
Chapter 11: Melanesian model for Australia and Papua New Guinea?
Chapter 12.: The Benin Dialogue (2010 ¿ ¿.)
Part VI: New insights, a new approach
Chapter 13: The neglected effect of colonialism
Chapter 14: A new commitment and a new approach