Prof. Dr. Alfred Fahr is Professor Emeritus in Pharmaceutical Technology at the Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich?Schiller University of Jena, Germany. He was Head of laboratory at Sandoz Pharma (now Novartis) between 1986 and 1996 responsible for Biopharmaceuticals, Human Pharmacology and Drug Delivery Systems, and spent six years at Philipps-Universität Marburg in the Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry before joining Friedrich?Schiller University of Jena in 2002. His research interests include biophysics of modern formulations, mechanisms of skin penetration and non-viral gene therapy, nanotechnological formulations in pharmacy and formulations of poorly soluble active substances.

Contributors vii

Foreword ix

Acknowledgements xiii

List of Abbreviations xv

Index of Pharmacopeia Boxes xix

Part I Dosage Forms

1 Drug Formulations as Application System-Science and Legal Provisions 3

Part II General and Technological Principles and Unit Operations

2 Unit Operations 13

3 Physical and Physicochemical Principles of Drug Formulation 39

4 Sterilization of Drug Formulations: Procedures to Reduce Microbial Count 133

5 Excipients for Drug Formulation 161

6 Basic Principles of Probability and Statistics 241

7 Basic Principles in Biopharmaceutics 279

Part III Solid Dosage Forms

8 Powders and Granules 319

9 Tablets 345

10 Coated Oral Dosage Forms 377

11 Capsules 395

12 Peroral Modified Release (MR) Formulations 409

13 Rectal Preparations 429

14 Vaginal Dosage Forms and Dosage Forms to be Introduced in Body Cavities 447

Part IV Semi-solid Dosage Forms

15 Semi-Solid Preparations for Cutaneous Application 453

16 Patches/Plasters 517

Part V Liquid Dosage Forms

17 Solutions 529

18 Emulsions 537

19 Suspensions 557

20 Micro- and Nanodispersed Systems 569

21 Parenteral Formulations 581

22 Ophthalmic Preparations 623

Part VI Gaseous Dosage Forms

23 Inhalation Dosage Forms 637

Part VII General Aspects of Dosage Forms

24 Herbal Drug Preparations (Extracts, Tinctures, and Aqueous Preparations) 659

25 Stability and Stabilization 681

26 Incompatibilities 707

27 Packaging Materials and Technology 721

28 Recent and Future Developments in Pharmaceutical Technology 749