116,95 €*
Versandkostenfrei per Post / DHL
auf Lager, Lieferzeit 1-2 Werktage
This book focuses on the practical aspects of X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectroscopy and discusses the requirements for a successful sample analysis, such as sample preparation, measurement techniques and calibration, as well as the quality of the analysis results.
X-Ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy for Laboratory Applications begins with a short overview of the physical fundamentals of the generation of X-rays and their interaction with the sample material, followed by a presentation of the different methods of sample preparation in dependence on the quality of the source material and the objective of the measurement. After a short description of the different available equipment types and their respective performance, the book provides in-depth information on the choice of the optimal measurement conditions and the processing of the measurement results. It covers instrument types for XRF; acquisition and evaluation of X-Ray spectra; analytical errors; analysis of homogeneous materials, powders, and liquids; special applications of XRF; process control and automation.
* An important resource for the analytical chemist, providing concrete guidelines and support for everyday analyses
* Focuses on daily laboratory work with commercially available devices
* Offers a unique compilation of knowledge and best practices from equipment manufacturers and users
* Covers the entire work process: sample preparation, the actual measurement, data processing, assessment of uncertainty, and accuracy of the obtained results
X-Ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy for Laboratory Applications appeals to analytical chemists, analytical laboratories, materials scientists, environmental chemists, chemical engineers, biotechnologists, and pharma engineers.
This book focuses on the practical aspects of X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectroscopy and discusses the requirements for a successful sample analysis, such as sample preparation, measurement techniques and calibration, as well as the quality of the analysis results.
X-Ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy for Laboratory Applications begins with a short overview of the physical fundamentals of the generation of X-rays and their interaction with the sample material, followed by a presentation of the different methods of sample preparation in dependence on the quality of the source material and the objective of the measurement. After a short description of the different available equipment types and their respective performance, the book provides in-depth information on the choice of the optimal measurement conditions and the processing of the measurement results. It covers instrument types for XRF; acquisition and evaluation of X-Ray spectra; analytical errors; analysis of homogeneous materials, powders, and liquids; special applications of XRF; process control and automation.
* An important resource for the analytical chemist, providing concrete guidelines and support for everyday analyses
* Focuses on daily laboratory work with commercially available devices
* Offers a unique compilation of knowledge and best practices from equipment manufacturers and users
* Covers the entire work process: sample preparation, the actual measurement, data processing, assessment of uncertainty, and accuracy of the obtained results
X-Ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy for Laboratory Applications appeals to analytical chemists, analytical laboratories, materials scientists, environmental chemists, chemical engineers, biotechnologists, and pharma engineers.
Michael Haschke, PhD, has been working in the product management of various companies for more than 35 years where he was responsible for the development and introduction to market of new x-ray fluorescence techniques, mainly in the field of energy-dissipative spectroscopy.
Jörg Flock, PhD, is Head of the Central Laboratory of ThyssenKrupp Stahl AG and well-versed with different analytical techniques, in particular with x-ray fluorescence spectroscopy. He has extensive practical experience in using this technique for the analysis of samples with different qualities and the interpretation of the acquired results.
Michael Haller has been using X-rays as an analytical tool for over thirty years, first in X-ray crystallography, then later in the development and application of polycapillary X-ray optics. Further he has developed new applications for coating thickness instruments. In 2018 he became co-owner of CrossRoads Scientific, a company specializing in the development of analytical X-ray software.
Preface xvii
List of Abbreviations and Symbols xix
About the Authors xxiii
1 Introduction 1
2 Principles of X-ray Spectrometry 7
2.1 Analytical Performance 7
2.2 X-ray Radiation and Their Interaction 11
2.2.1 Parts of an X-ray Spectrum 11
2.2.2 Intensity of the Characteristic Radiation 13
2.2.3 Nomenclature of X-ray Lines 15
2.2.4 Interaction of X-rays with Matter 15
2.2.4.1 Absorption 16
2.2.4.2 Scattering 17
2.2.5 Detection of X-ray Spectra 20
2.3 The Development of X-ray Spectrometry 21
2.4 Carrying Out an Analysis 26
2.4.1 Analysis Method 26
2.4.2 Sequence of an Analysis 27
2.4.2.1 Quality of the Sample Material 27
2.4.2.2 Sample Preparation 27
2.4.2.3 Analysis Task 28
2.4.2.4 Measurement and Evaluation of the Measurement Data 28
2.4.2.5 Creation of an Analysis Report 29
3 Sample Preparation 31
3.1 Objectives of Sample Preparation 31
3.2 Preparation Techniques 32
3.2.1 Preparation Techniques for Solid Samples 32
3.2.2 Information Depth and Analyzed Volume 32
3.2.3 Infinite Thickness 36
3.2.4 Contaminations 37
3.2.5 Homogeneity 38
3.3 Preparation of Compact and Homogeneous Materials 39
3.3.1 Metals 39
3.3.2 Glasses 40
3.4 Small Parts Materials 41
3.4.1 Grinding of Small Parts Material 42
3.4.2 Preparation by Pouring Loose Powder into a Sample Cup 43
3.4.3 Preparation of the Measurement Sample by Pressing into a Pellet 44
3.4.4 Preparation of the Sample by Fusion Beads 48
3.4.4.1 Improving the Quality of the Analysis 48
3.4.4.2 Steps for the Production of Fusion Beads 49
3.4.4.3 Loss of Ignition 53
3.4.4.4 Quality Criteria for Fusion Beads 53
3.4.4.5 Preparation of Special Materials 54
3.5 Liquid Samples 55
3.5.1 Direct Measurement of Liquids 55
3.5.2 Special Processing Procedures for Liquid Samples 58
3.6 Biological Materials 58
3.7 Small Particles, Dust, and Aerosols 59
4 XRF Instrument Types 61
4.1 General Design of an X-ray Spectrometer 61
4.2 Comparison of Wavelength- and Energy-Dispersive X-Ray Spectrometers 63
4.2.1 Data Acquisition 63
4.2.2 Resolution 64
4.2.2.1 Comparison of Wavelength- and Energy-Dispersive Spectrometry 64
4.2.2.2 Resolution of WDS Instruments 66
4.2.2.3 Resolution of EDS Instruments 68
4.2.3 Detection Efficiency 70
4.2.4 Count Rate Capability 71
4.2.4.1 Optimum Throughput in ED Spectrometers 71
4.2.4.2 Saturation Effects in WDSs 72
4.2.4.3 Optimal Sensitivity of ED Spectrometers 73
4.2.4.4 Effect of the Pulse Throughput on the Measuring Time 74
4.2.5 Radiation Flux 75
4.2.6 Spectra Artifacts 76
4.2.6.1 Escape Peaks 76
4.2.6.2 Pile-Up Peak 77
4.2.6.3 Diffraction Peaks 77
4.2.6.4 Shelf and Tail 79
4.2.7 Mechanical Design and Operating Costs 79
4.2.8 Setting Parameters 80
4.3 Type of Instruments 80
4.3.1 ED Instruments 81
4.3.1.1 Handheld Instruments 82
4.3.1.2 Portable Instruments 83
4.3.1.3 Tabletop Instruments 84
4.3.2 Wavelength-Dispersive Instruments 85
4.3.2.1 Sequential Spectrometers 85
4.3.2.2 Multichannel Spectrometers 87
4.3.3 Special Type X-Ray Spectrometers 87
4.3.3.1 Total Reflection Instruments 88
4.3.3.2 Excitation by Monoenergetic Radiation 90
4.3.3.3 Excitation with Polarized Radiation 91
4.3.3.4 Instruments for Position-Sensitive Analysis 93
4.3.3.5 Macro X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometer 94
4.3.3.6 Micro X-Ray Fluorescence with Confocal Geometry 95
4.3.3.7 High-Resolution X-Ray Spectrometers 96
4.3.3.8 Angle Resolved Spectroscopy - Grazing Incidence and Grazing Exit 96
4.4 Commercially Available Instrument Types 98
5 Measurement and Evaluation of X-ray Spectra 99
5.1 Information Content of the Spectra 99
5.2 Procedural Steps to Execute a Measurement 101
5.3 Selecting the Measurement Conditions 102
5.3.1 Optimization Criteria for the Measurement 102
5.3.2 Tube Parameters 103
5.3.2.1 Target Material 103
5.3.2.2 Excitation Conditions 104
5.3.2.3 Influencing the Energy Distribution of the Primary Spectrum 105
5.3.3 Measurement Medium 107
5.3.4 Measurement Time 108
5.3.4.1 Measurement Time and Statistical Error 108
5.3.4.2 Measurement Strategies 108
5.3.4.3 Real and Live Time 109
5.3.5 X-ray Lines 110
5.4 Determination of Peak Intensity 112
5.4.1 Intensity Data 112
5.4.2 Treatment of Peak Overlaps 112
5.4.3 Spectral Background 114
5.5 Quantification Models 117
5.5.1 General Remarks 117
5.5.2 Conventional Calibration Models 118
5.5.3 Fundamental Parameter Models 121
5.5.4 Monte Carlo Quantifications 124
5.5.5 Highly Precise Quantification by Reconstitution 124
5.5.6 Evaluation of an Analytical Method 126
5.5.6.1 Degree of Determination 126
5.5.6.2 Working Range, Limits of Detection (LOD) and of Quantification 127
5.5.6.3 Figure of Merit 129
5.5.7 Comparison of the Various Quantification Models 129
5.5.8 Available Reference Materials 131
5.5.9 Obtainable Accuracies 132
5.6 Characterization of Layered Materials 133
5.6.1 General Form of the Calibration Curve 133
5.6.2 Basic Conditions for Layer Analysis 135
5.6.3 Quantification Models for the Analysis of Layers 138
5.7 Chemometric Methods for Material Characterization 140
5.7.1 Spectra Matching and Material Identification 141
5.7.2 Phase Analysis 141
5.7.3 Regression Methods 143
5.8 Creation of an Application 143
5.8.1 Analysis of Unknown Sample Qualities 143
5.8.2 Repeated Analyses on Known Samples 144
6 Analytical Errors 149
6.1 General Considerations 149
6.1.1 Precision of a Measurement 151
6.1.2 Long-Term Stability of the Measurements 153
6.1.3 Precision and Process Capability 154
6.1.4 Trueness of the Result 156
6.2 Types of Errors 156
6.2.1 Randomly Distributed Errors 157
6.2.2 Systematic Errors 158
6.3 Accounting for Systematic Errors 159
6.3.1 The Concept of Measurement Uncertainties 159
6.3.2 Error Propagation 160
6.3.3 Determination of Measurement Uncertainties 161
6.3.3.1 Bottom-Up Method 161
6.3.3.2 Top-Down Method 162
6.4 Recording of Error Information 164
7 Other Element Analytical Methods 167
7.1 Overview 167
7.2 Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AAS) 168
7.3 Optical Emission Spectrometry 169
7.3.1 Excitation with a Spark Discharge (OES) 169
7.3.2 Excitation in an Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP-OES) 170
7.3.3 Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) 171
7.4 Mass Spectrometry (MS) 172
7.5 X-Ray Spectrometry by Particle Excitation (SEM-EDS, PIXE) 173
7.6 Comparison of Methods 175
8 Radiation Protection 177
8.1 Basic Principles 177
8.2 Effects of Ionizing Radiation on Human Tissue 178
8.3 Natural Radiation Exposure 179
8.4 Radiation Protection Regulations 181
8.4.1 Legal Regulations 181
9 Analysis of Homogeneous Solid Samples 183
9.1 Iron Alloys 183
9.1.1 Analytical Problem and Sample Preparation 183
9.1.2 Analysis of Pig and Cast Iron 184
9.1.3 Analysis of Low-Alloy Steel 185
9.1.4 Analysis of High-Alloy Steel 187
9.2 Ni-Fe-Co Alloys 188
9.3 Copper Alloys 189
9.3.1 Analytical Task 189
9.3.2 Analysis of Compact Samples 189
9.3.3 Analysis of Dissolved Samples 189
9.4 Aluminum Alloys 191
9.5 Special Metals 192
9.5.1 Refractories 192
9.5.1.1 Analytical Problem 192
9.5.1.2 Sample Preparation of Hard Metals 192
9.5.1.3 Analysis of Hard Metals 193
9.5.2 Titanium Alloys 194
9.5.3 Solder Alloys 194
9.6 Precious Metals 195
9.6.1 Analysis of Precious Metal Jewelry 195
9.6.1.1 Analytical Task 195
9.6.1.2 Sample Shape and Preparation 196
9.6.1.3 Analytical Equipment 197
9.6.1.4 Accuracy of the Analysis 198
9.6.2 Analysis of Pure Elements 198
9.7 Glass Material 199
9.7.1 Analytical Task 199
9.7.2 Sample Preparation 200
9.7.3 Measurement Equipment 202
9.7.4 Achievable Accuracies 202
9.8 Polymers 203
9.8.1 Analytical Task 203
9.8.2 Sample Preparation 204
9.8.3 Instruments 205
9.8.4 Quantification Procedures 205
9.8.4.1 Standard-Based Methods 205
9.8.4.2 Chemometric Methods 206
9.9 Abrasion Analysis 209
10 Analysis of Powder Samples 213
10.1 Geological Samples 213
10.1.1 Analytical Task 213
10.1.2 Sample Preparation 214
10.1.3 Measurement Technique 215
10.1.4 Detection Limits and Trueness 215
10.2 Ores 216
10.2.1 Analytical Task 216
10.2.2 Iron Ores 216
10.2.3 Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, and Pb Ores 217
10.2.4 Bauxite and Alumina 218
10.2.5 Ores of Precious Metals and Rare Earths 219
10.3 Soils and Sewage Sludges 221
10.3.1 Analytical Task 221
10.3.2 Sample Preparation 221
10.3.3 Measurement Technology and Analytical Performance 222
10.4 Quartz Sand 223
10.5 Cement 223
10.5.1 Analytical Task 223
10.5.2 Sample Preparation 224
10.5.3 Measurement Technology...
| Erscheinungsjahr: | 2021 |
|---|---|
| Fachbereich: | Populäre Darstellungen |
| Genre: | Chemie, Mathematik, Medizin, Naturwissenschaften, Technik |
| Rubrik: | Naturwissenschaften & Technik |
| Medium: | Buch |
| Inhalt: |
XXIV
472 S. 100 s/w Illustr. 50 farbige Illustr. 150 Illustr. |
| ISBN-13: | 9783527344635 |
| ISBN-10: | 3527344632 |
| Sprache: | Englisch |
| Herstellernummer: | 1134463 000 |
| Einband: | Gebunden |
| Autor: |
Haschke, Michael
Flock, Jörg Haller, Michael |
| Hersteller: | Wiley-VCH GmbH |
| Verantwortliche Person für die EU: | Wiley-VCH GmbH, Boschstr. 12, D-69469 Weinheim, product-safety@wiley.com |
| Abbildungen: | 100 schwarz-weiße und 50 farbige Abbildungen |
| Maße: | 251 x 175 x 30 mm |
| Von/Mit: | Michael Haschke (u. a.) |
| Erscheinungsdatum: | 10.02.2021 |
| Gewicht: | 1,075 kg |
Michael Haschke, PhD, has been working in the product management of various companies for more than 35 years where he was responsible for the development and introduction to market of new x-ray fluorescence techniques, mainly in the field of energy-dissipative spectroscopy.
Jörg Flock, PhD, is Head of the Central Laboratory of ThyssenKrupp Stahl AG and well-versed with different analytical techniques, in particular with x-ray fluorescence spectroscopy. He has extensive practical experience in using this technique for the analysis of samples with different qualities and the interpretation of the acquired results.
Michael Haller has been using X-rays as an analytical tool for over thirty years, first in X-ray crystallography, then later in the development and application of polycapillary X-ray optics. Further he has developed new applications for coating thickness instruments. In 2018 he became co-owner of CrossRoads Scientific, a company specializing in the development of analytical X-ray software.
Preface xvii
List of Abbreviations and Symbols xix
About the Authors xxiii
1 Introduction 1
2 Principles of X-ray Spectrometry 7
2.1 Analytical Performance 7
2.2 X-ray Radiation and Their Interaction 11
2.2.1 Parts of an X-ray Spectrum 11
2.2.2 Intensity of the Characteristic Radiation 13
2.2.3 Nomenclature of X-ray Lines 15
2.2.4 Interaction of X-rays with Matter 15
2.2.4.1 Absorption 16
2.2.4.2 Scattering 17
2.2.5 Detection of X-ray Spectra 20
2.3 The Development of X-ray Spectrometry 21
2.4 Carrying Out an Analysis 26
2.4.1 Analysis Method 26
2.4.2 Sequence of an Analysis 27
2.4.2.1 Quality of the Sample Material 27
2.4.2.2 Sample Preparation 27
2.4.2.3 Analysis Task 28
2.4.2.4 Measurement and Evaluation of the Measurement Data 28
2.4.2.5 Creation of an Analysis Report 29
3 Sample Preparation 31
3.1 Objectives of Sample Preparation 31
3.2 Preparation Techniques 32
3.2.1 Preparation Techniques for Solid Samples 32
3.2.2 Information Depth and Analyzed Volume 32
3.2.3 Infinite Thickness 36
3.2.4 Contaminations 37
3.2.5 Homogeneity 38
3.3 Preparation of Compact and Homogeneous Materials 39
3.3.1 Metals 39
3.3.2 Glasses 40
3.4 Small Parts Materials 41
3.4.1 Grinding of Small Parts Material 42
3.4.2 Preparation by Pouring Loose Powder into a Sample Cup 43
3.4.3 Preparation of the Measurement Sample by Pressing into a Pellet 44
3.4.4 Preparation of the Sample by Fusion Beads 48
3.4.4.1 Improving the Quality of the Analysis 48
3.4.4.2 Steps for the Production of Fusion Beads 49
3.4.4.3 Loss of Ignition 53
3.4.4.4 Quality Criteria for Fusion Beads 53
3.4.4.5 Preparation of Special Materials 54
3.5 Liquid Samples 55
3.5.1 Direct Measurement of Liquids 55
3.5.2 Special Processing Procedures for Liquid Samples 58
3.6 Biological Materials 58
3.7 Small Particles, Dust, and Aerosols 59
4 XRF Instrument Types 61
4.1 General Design of an X-ray Spectrometer 61
4.2 Comparison of Wavelength- and Energy-Dispersive X-Ray Spectrometers 63
4.2.1 Data Acquisition 63
4.2.2 Resolution 64
4.2.2.1 Comparison of Wavelength- and Energy-Dispersive Spectrometry 64
4.2.2.2 Resolution of WDS Instruments 66
4.2.2.3 Resolution of EDS Instruments 68
4.2.3 Detection Efficiency 70
4.2.4 Count Rate Capability 71
4.2.4.1 Optimum Throughput in ED Spectrometers 71
4.2.4.2 Saturation Effects in WDSs 72
4.2.4.3 Optimal Sensitivity of ED Spectrometers 73
4.2.4.4 Effect of the Pulse Throughput on the Measuring Time 74
4.2.5 Radiation Flux 75
4.2.6 Spectra Artifacts 76
4.2.6.1 Escape Peaks 76
4.2.6.2 Pile-Up Peak 77
4.2.6.3 Diffraction Peaks 77
4.2.6.4 Shelf and Tail 79
4.2.7 Mechanical Design and Operating Costs 79
4.2.8 Setting Parameters 80
4.3 Type of Instruments 80
4.3.1 ED Instruments 81
4.3.1.1 Handheld Instruments 82
4.3.1.2 Portable Instruments 83
4.3.1.3 Tabletop Instruments 84
4.3.2 Wavelength-Dispersive Instruments 85
4.3.2.1 Sequential Spectrometers 85
4.3.2.2 Multichannel Spectrometers 87
4.3.3 Special Type X-Ray Spectrometers 87
4.3.3.1 Total Reflection Instruments 88
4.3.3.2 Excitation by Monoenergetic Radiation 90
4.3.3.3 Excitation with Polarized Radiation 91
4.3.3.4 Instruments for Position-Sensitive Analysis 93
4.3.3.5 Macro X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometer 94
4.3.3.6 Micro X-Ray Fluorescence with Confocal Geometry 95
4.3.3.7 High-Resolution X-Ray Spectrometers 96
4.3.3.8 Angle Resolved Spectroscopy - Grazing Incidence and Grazing Exit 96
4.4 Commercially Available Instrument Types 98
5 Measurement and Evaluation of X-ray Spectra 99
5.1 Information Content of the Spectra 99
5.2 Procedural Steps to Execute a Measurement 101
5.3 Selecting the Measurement Conditions 102
5.3.1 Optimization Criteria for the Measurement 102
5.3.2 Tube Parameters 103
5.3.2.1 Target Material 103
5.3.2.2 Excitation Conditions 104
5.3.2.3 Influencing the Energy Distribution of the Primary Spectrum 105
5.3.3 Measurement Medium 107
5.3.4 Measurement Time 108
5.3.4.1 Measurement Time and Statistical Error 108
5.3.4.2 Measurement Strategies 108
5.3.4.3 Real and Live Time 109
5.3.5 X-ray Lines 110
5.4 Determination of Peak Intensity 112
5.4.1 Intensity Data 112
5.4.2 Treatment of Peak Overlaps 112
5.4.3 Spectral Background 114
5.5 Quantification Models 117
5.5.1 General Remarks 117
5.5.2 Conventional Calibration Models 118
5.5.3 Fundamental Parameter Models 121
5.5.4 Monte Carlo Quantifications 124
5.5.5 Highly Precise Quantification by Reconstitution 124
5.5.6 Evaluation of an Analytical Method 126
5.5.6.1 Degree of Determination 126
5.5.6.2 Working Range, Limits of Detection (LOD) and of Quantification 127
5.5.6.3 Figure of Merit 129
5.5.7 Comparison of the Various Quantification Models 129
5.5.8 Available Reference Materials 131
5.5.9 Obtainable Accuracies 132
5.6 Characterization of Layered Materials 133
5.6.1 General Form of the Calibration Curve 133
5.6.2 Basic Conditions for Layer Analysis 135
5.6.3 Quantification Models for the Analysis of Layers 138
5.7 Chemometric Methods for Material Characterization 140
5.7.1 Spectra Matching and Material Identification 141
5.7.2 Phase Analysis 141
5.7.3 Regression Methods 143
5.8 Creation of an Application 143
5.8.1 Analysis of Unknown Sample Qualities 143
5.8.2 Repeated Analyses on Known Samples 144
6 Analytical Errors 149
6.1 General Considerations 149
6.1.1 Precision of a Measurement 151
6.1.2 Long-Term Stability of the Measurements 153
6.1.3 Precision and Process Capability 154
6.1.4 Trueness of the Result 156
6.2 Types of Errors 156
6.2.1 Randomly Distributed Errors 157
6.2.2 Systematic Errors 158
6.3 Accounting for Systematic Errors 159
6.3.1 The Concept of Measurement Uncertainties 159
6.3.2 Error Propagation 160
6.3.3 Determination of Measurement Uncertainties 161
6.3.3.1 Bottom-Up Method 161
6.3.3.2 Top-Down Method 162
6.4 Recording of Error Information 164
7 Other Element Analytical Methods 167
7.1 Overview 167
7.2 Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AAS) 168
7.3 Optical Emission Spectrometry 169
7.3.1 Excitation with a Spark Discharge (OES) 169
7.3.2 Excitation in an Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP-OES) 170
7.3.3 Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) 171
7.4 Mass Spectrometry (MS) 172
7.5 X-Ray Spectrometry by Particle Excitation (SEM-EDS, PIXE) 173
7.6 Comparison of Methods 175
8 Radiation Protection 177
8.1 Basic Principles 177
8.2 Effects of Ionizing Radiation on Human Tissue 178
8.3 Natural Radiation Exposure 179
8.4 Radiation Protection Regulations 181
8.4.1 Legal Regulations 181
9 Analysis of Homogeneous Solid Samples 183
9.1 Iron Alloys 183
9.1.1 Analytical Problem and Sample Preparation 183
9.1.2 Analysis of Pig and Cast Iron 184
9.1.3 Analysis of Low-Alloy Steel 185
9.1.4 Analysis of High-Alloy Steel 187
9.2 Ni-Fe-Co Alloys 188
9.3 Copper Alloys 189
9.3.1 Analytical Task 189
9.3.2 Analysis of Compact Samples 189
9.3.3 Analysis of Dissolved Samples 189
9.4 Aluminum Alloys 191
9.5 Special Metals 192
9.5.1 Refractories 192
9.5.1.1 Analytical Problem 192
9.5.1.2 Sample Preparation of Hard Metals 192
9.5.1.3 Analysis of Hard Metals 193
9.5.2 Titanium Alloys 194
9.5.3 Solder Alloys 194
9.6 Precious Metals 195
9.6.1 Analysis of Precious Metal Jewelry 195
9.6.1.1 Analytical Task 195
9.6.1.2 Sample Shape and Preparation 196
9.6.1.3 Analytical Equipment 197
9.6.1.4 Accuracy of the Analysis 198
9.6.2 Analysis of Pure Elements 198
9.7 Glass Material 199
9.7.1 Analytical Task 199
9.7.2 Sample Preparation 200
9.7.3 Measurement Equipment 202
9.7.4 Achievable Accuracies 202
9.8 Polymers 203
9.8.1 Analytical Task 203
9.8.2 Sample Preparation 204
9.8.3 Instruments 205
9.8.4 Quantification Procedures 205
9.8.4.1 Standard-Based Methods 205
9.8.4.2 Chemometric Methods 206
9.9 Abrasion Analysis 209
10 Analysis of Powder Samples 213
10.1 Geological Samples 213
10.1.1 Analytical Task 213
10.1.2 Sample Preparation 214
10.1.3 Measurement Technique 215
10.1.4 Detection Limits and Trueness 215
10.2 Ores 216
10.2.1 Analytical Task 216
10.2.2 Iron Ores 216
10.2.3 Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, and Pb Ores 217
10.2.4 Bauxite and Alumina 218
10.2.5 Ores of Precious Metals and Rare Earths 219
10.3 Soils and Sewage Sludges 221
10.3.1 Analytical Task 221
10.3.2 Sample Preparation 221
10.3.3 Measurement Technology and Analytical Performance 222
10.4 Quartz Sand 223
10.5 Cement 223
10.5.1 Analytical Task 223
10.5.2 Sample Preparation 224
10.5.3 Measurement Technology...
| Erscheinungsjahr: | 2021 |
|---|---|
| Fachbereich: | Populäre Darstellungen |
| Genre: | Chemie, Mathematik, Medizin, Naturwissenschaften, Technik |
| Rubrik: | Naturwissenschaften & Technik |
| Medium: | Buch |
| Inhalt: |
XXIV
472 S. 100 s/w Illustr. 50 farbige Illustr. 150 Illustr. |
| ISBN-13: | 9783527344635 |
| ISBN-10: | 3527344632 |
| Sprache: | Englisch |
| Herstellernummer: | 1134463 000 |
| Einband: | Gebunden |
| Autor: |
Haschke, Michael
Flock, Jörg Haller, Michael |
| Hersteller: | Wiley-VCH GmbH |
| Verantwortliche Person für die EU: | Wiley-VCH GmbH, Boschstr. 12, D-69469 Weinheim, product-safety@wiley.com |
| Abbildungen: | 100 schwarz-weiße und 50 farbige Abbildungen |
| Maße: | 251 x 175 x 30 mm |
| Von/Mit: | Michael Haschke (u. a.) |
| Erscheinungsdatum: | 10.02.2021 |
| Gewicht: | 1,075 kg |
Ähnliche Produkte
Lieferzeit 2-4 Werktage
Lieferzeit 1-2 Wochen
Lieferzeit 1-2 Werktage
Lieferzeit 1-2 Wochen
Lieferzeit 1-2 Wochen
Lieferzeit 1-2 Wochen
Lieferzeit 1-2 Wochen