List of plates; List of maps; List of genealogical tables; List of contributors; Preface; Acknowledgments; List of abbreviations; Part I. Government: 1. Politics: theory and practice Jean-Philippe Genet; 2. Representation (since the thirteenth century) Wim Blockmans; Popes and councils Antony Black; Part II. Economic and Social Developments: 4. The European nobility Philippe Contamine; 5. Rural Europe Christopher Dyer; 6. Urban Europe Barrie Dobson; 7. Commerce and trade Wendy Childs; 8. War Christopher Allmand; 9. Exploration and discovery Felipe Fernàndez-Armesto; Part III. Spiritual, Cultural and Artistic Life: 10. Religious belief and practice Francis Rapp; 11. Schools and universities Jacques Verger; 12. Humanism Robert Black; 13. Manuscripts and books Malcolm Vale; 14. The beginning of printing David McKitterick; 15. Architecture and painting Paul Crossley; 16. Music Gareth Curtis; Part IV. The Development of European States: 17. Germany and the Empire Tom Scott; 18. Hus, the Hussites and Bohemia John Klassen; 19. France (a) France at the end of the Hundred Years War (c.1420-61) Malcolm Vale; (b) The recovery of France, 1450-1520 Bernard Chevalier; 20. Burgundy Bertrand Schnerb; 21. England (a) Lancastrian England Edward Powell (b) Yorkist and early Tudor England Rosemary Horrox; 22. The Celtic world (a) Ireland Art Cosgrove (b) Scotland: 1406-1513 Jenny Wormald; 23. Italy (a) the northern Italian states Michael Mallett (b) The papal states and the kingdom of Naples Alan Ryder; 24. The Iberian peninsula (a) Aragon Mario Del Treppo (b) Castile and Navarre Angus MacKay (c) Portugal, Armindo de Sousa; 25. The Swiss Confederation Roger Sablonier; 26. The states of Scandinavia c.1390-c.1536 Thomas Riis; 27. Hungary: crown and estates Janos Bak; 28. The kingdom of Poland and the grand duchy of Lithuania, 1370-1506 Aleksander Gieysztor; Russia Nancy Shields Kollmann; 30. Byzantium: the Roman Orthodox world, 1393-1492 Anthony Bryer; 31. The Latin east Anthony Luttrell; 32. The Ottoman world Elizabeth Zachariadou; Conclusion Christopher Allmand; Appendix: genealogical tables; Primary sources and secondary works arranged by chapter; General index.